A. 關於水處理方面的英文文獻翻譯
Shandong Taihe Water Treatment Co., Ltd. is a development, proction, sales and technical service for one professional manufacturer of water treatment agent.
Taihe operating objectives are:
Doing world-class water treatment chemicals and related professional manufacturer of chemicals
Taihe target customers are:
1. Domestic: peer and distributor of water treatment;
2. International: the international well-known large companies, chemical distributors, dealers.
Taihe services:
1. Free water quality analysis, prescription screening, operation of programming, on-site guidance, such as a full range of technical services (Taihe-site customer service is the name of the end-user);
2. Proct customization, sample processing, free mixed: the proction of all work-related Taihe completed, you need to do is hard to maintain customers.
Taihe advantages:
1. Technological advantage: its own labs and professional R & D team is a new source of emerging procts and proct quality have been improved security; a well-established quality assurance system and advanced detection equipment is in the quality of procts and stability can be improved basis.
Our senior engineers, general manager of the chemical analysis, ISO9001: 2000 quality management system auditors who; several elite members of the instry consultants, employed a number of years so the guidance of Dr..
2. Proct advantages: full range, quality, stability, and cost-effective;
Integrated circuit chips exported to Japan for the high-purity crystal cleaner chemical procts, as well as the largest domestic proction of organic phosphate crystals, such as ATMP, HEDP, EDTMPA, HDTMPA solid, such as potassium and sodium.
Polymer dispersant is a series of advantages Taihe procts, is the focus of export procts, export more than 1000 tons of AA / AMPS, TH-3100 and so on, as a result of the proction process optimization and bulk purchases of raw materials, relatively low cost can be to provide users with high-quality polymer prices lower, if you have a molecular weight of polymer, we have the instry's only gel chromatography and unique technology enables the polymerization to control molecular weight and its distribution of procts to meet your needs.
3. Management Advantage: It is an experienced management team and strong combat effectiveness, good management system and operation of ERP systems for many years.
B. 急求關於水處理的英文原文和翻譯，謝謝了
給排水常用名詞中英文對照
1、給水工程 water supply engineering 原水的取集和處理以及成品水輸配的工程。
2、排水工程 sewerage ,wastewater engineering 收集、輸送、處理和處置廢水的工程。
3、給水系統 water supply system 給水的取水、輸水、水質處理和配水等設施以一定方式組合成的總體。
4、排水系統 sewerage system 排水的收集、輸送、水質處理和排放等設施以一定方式組合成的總體。
5、給水水源 water source 給水工程所取用的原水水體。
6、原水raw water 由水源地取來的原料水。
7、地表水surface water 存在於地殼表面，暴露於大氣的水。
8、地下水ground water 存在於地殼岩石裂縫或工壤空隙中的水。
9、苦鹹水(鹼性水) brackish water ,alkaline water 鹼度大於硬度的水，並含大量中性鹽，PH值大於7。
10、淡水fresh water 含鹽量小於500mg/L的水。
11、冷卻水cooling water 用以降低被冷卻對象溫度的水。
12、廢水 wastewater 居民活動過程中排出的水及徑流雨水的總稱。它包括生活污水、工業廢水和初雨徑流以及流入排水管渠的其它水。
13、污水sewage ,wastewater 受一定污染的來自生活和生產的排出水。
14、用水量 water consumption 用水對象實際使用的水量。
15、污水量 wastewater flow ,sewage flow 排水對象排入污水系統的水量。
16、用水定額 water flow norm 對不同的排水對象，在一定時期內制訂相對合理的單位排水量的數值。
17、排水定額 wastewater flow norm 對不同的排水對象，在一定時期內制訂相對合理的單位排水量的數值。
18、水質 water quality 在給水排水工程中，水的物理、化學、生物學等方面的性質。
19、渠道 channel ,conit 天然、人工開鑿、整治或砌築的輸水通道。
20、泵站 pumping house 設置水泵機組、電氣設備和管道、閘閥等的房屋。
21、泵站 pumping station 泵房及其配套設施的總稱。
22、給水處理 water treatment 對不符合用不對象水質要求的水。進行水質改善的過程。
23、污水處理 sewage treatment ,wastewater treatment 為使污水達到排水某一水體或再次使用的水質要求，對其進行凈化的過程。
24、廢水處理 wastewater disposal 對廢水的最終安排。一般將廢水排入地表水體、排放土地和再次使用等。
25、格柵 bar screen 一種柵條形的隔污設備，用以攔截水中較大尺寸的漂浮物或其他雜物。
26、曝氣 aeration 水與氣體接觸，進行溶氧或散除水中溶解性氣體和揮發性物質的過程。
27、沉澱 sedimentation 利用重力沉降作用去除水中雜物的過程。
28、澄清 clarification 通過與高濃度沉渣層的接觸而去除水中雜物的過程。
29、過濾filtration 藉助粒狀材料或多孔介質截除水中質物的過程。
30、離子交換法 ion exchange 採用離子交換劑去除水中某些鹽類離子的過程。
31、氯化 chlorination 在水中投氯或含氯氧化物方法消滅病原體的過程。
32、余氯 resial chlorine 水中投氯，經一定時間接觸後，在水中余留的游離性氯和結合性氯的總和。
33、游離性余氯 free resial chlorine 水中以次氯酸和次氯酸鹽形態存在的余氯。
34、結合性余氯 combinative resial chlorine 水中以二氯胺和一氯胺形態存在的余氯。
35、污泥 sludge 在水處理過程中產生的，以及排水管渠中沉積的固體與水的混合物或膠體物。
36、污泥處理 sludge treatment 對污泥的最終安排。一般將污泥作農肥、製作建築材料、填埋和投棄等。
37、水頭損失 head loss 水流通過管渠、設備和構築物等所引起的能量消耗。
給水工程中系統和水量方面的術語
1、直流水系統 once through system 水經過一次使用後即行排放或處理後排放的給水系統。
2、復用水系統 water reuse system 水經重復利用後再行排放或處理後排放的給水系統。
3、循環水系統 recirculation system 水經使用後不予排放而循環利用或處理後循環利用的給水系統。
4、生活用水 domestic water 人類日常生活所需用的水。
5、生產用水 process water 生產過程所需用的水。
6、消防用水 fire demand 撲滅火災所需用的水。
7、澆灑道路用水 street flushing demand ,road watering 對城鎮道路進行保養、清洗、降溫和消塵等所需用水。
8、綠化用水 green belt sprinkling ,green plot sprinkling 對市政綠地等所需用的水。
給水工程取水構築物的術語
1、管井 deep well ,drilled well 井管從地面打到含水層，抽取地下水的井。
2、管井濾水管 deep well screen 設置在管井動水位以下，用以從含水層中集水的有縫隙或孔隙的管段。
3、管井沉澱管 grit compartment 位於管井最下部，用以容納進入井內的沙粒和從水中析出的沉澱物的管段。
4、大口井 g well ,open well 由人工開挖或沉井法施工，設置井筒，以截取淺層地下水的構築物。
5、井群 batter of wells 數個井組成的群體。
6、滲渠 infiltration gallery 壁上開孔，以集取淺層地下水的水平管渠。
7、地下水取水構築物反濾層 inverted layer 在大口井或滲渠進水處鋪設的粒徑沿水流方向由細到粗的級配礫層(簡稱反濾層)
8、泉室 spring chamber 集取泉水的構築物。
9、進水間 intake chamber 連接取水管與吸水井、內設格柵或格網的構築物。
10、格網 screen 一種網狀的用以攔截水中較大尺寸的漂浮物、水生動物或其他污染物的攔污設備。其網眼尺寸較格柵為小。
11、吸水井 suction well 為水泵吸水管專門設置的構築物。
給水工程中凈水構築物的術語
1、凈水構築物 purification structure 以去除水中懸浮固體和膠體雜質等為主要目的的構築物的總稱。
2、投葯 chemical dosing 為進行水處理而向水中加一定劑量的化學葯劑的過程。
3、混合 mixing 使投入的葯劑迅速均勻地擴散於被處理水中以創造良好的凝聚反應條件的過程。
4、凝聚 coagulation 為了消除膠體顆粒間的排斥力或破壞其親水性，使顆粒易於相互接觸而吸附的過程。
5、絮凝 flocculation A、完成凝聚的膠體在一定的外力擾動下相互碰撞、聚集以形成較大絮狀顆粒的過程。曾用名反應。 B、高分子絮凝劑在懸浮固體和膠體雜質之間吸附架橋的過程。
6、自然沉澱 plain sedimentation 不加註任何凝聚劑的沉澱過程。
7、凝聚沉澱 coagulation sedimentation 加註凝聚劑的沉澱過程。
8、凝聚劑 coagulant 在凝聚過程中所投加的葯劑的統稱。
9、助凝劑 coagulant aid 在水的沉澱、澄清過程中，為改善絮凝效果，另設加的輔助葯劑。
10、葯劑固定儲備量 standby reserve 為考慮非正常原因導致葯劑供應中斷，而在葯劑倉庫內設置的在一般情況下不準動用的儲備量。簡稱固定儲備量。
11、葯劑周轉儲備量 current reserve 考慮葯劑消耗與供應時間之間差異所需的儲備量。簡稱周轉儲備量。
12、沉沙池(沉砂池)desilting basin ,grit chamber 去除水中自重很大、能自然沉降的較大粒徑沙粒或雜粒的水池。
13、預沉池 pre-sedimentation tank 原水中泥沙顆粒較大或濃度較高時，在進行凝聚沉澱處理前設置的沉澱池。
14、平流沉澱池 horizontal flow sedimentation tank 水沿水平方向流動的沉澱池。
15、異向流斜管 (或斜板)沉澱池 tube(plate)settler 池內設置斜管(或斜板)，水自下而上經斜管(或斜板)進行沉澱，沉泥沿斜管(或斜板)向下滑動的沉澱的池。
16、同向流斜板沉澱池lamella 池內設置斜板，沉澱過程在斜板內進行，水流與沉泥均沿斜板向下流動的沉澱池。
17、機械攪拌澄清池 accelerator 利用機械使水提升和攪拌，促使泥渣循環，並使原水中固體雜質與己形成的泥渣接觸絮凝而分離沉澱的水池。
18、水力循環澄清池 circulator clarifier 利用水力使水提升，促使泥渣循環，並使原水中固體雜質與己形成的泥渣接觸絮凝而分離沉澱的水池。
19、脈沖澄清池 pulsator 懸浮層不斷產生固周期性的壓縮和膨脹，促使原水中固體雜質與己形成的泥渣進行接觸凝聚頁分離沉澱的水池。
20、懸浮澄清池 sludge blanket clarifier 加葯後的原水由上通過處於懸浮狀態的泥渣層，使水中雜質與泥渣懸浮層的顆粒碰撞凝聚而分離沉澱的水池。
21、液面負荷 surface load 在沉澱池、澄清池等沉澱構築物的凈化部分中，單位液(水)面積所負擔的出水流量。其計量單位通常以m3/(m2.h)表示。
22、氣浮池 floatation tank 運用絮凝和浮選原理使液體中的雜質分離上浮而去除的池子。
23、氣浮溶氣罐 dissolved air vessel 在氣浮工藝中，水與空氣在有壓條件下相互溶合的密閉容器。簡稱溶氣罐。
24、清水池 clear-water reservoir 為貯存水廠中凈化後的清水，以調節水廠制水量與供水量之間的差額，並為滿足加氯接觸時間而設置的水池。
給水工程中輸配水管網的術語
1、配水管網 distribution system ，pipe system 將水送到分配管網以至用戶的管系。
2、環狀管網pipe network 配水管網的一種置形式，管道縱橫相互接通，形成環狀。
3、枝狀管網 branch system 配水管網的一種布置形式，干管和支管分明，形成樹枝狀。
4、水管支墩 buttress ,anchorage 為防止由管內水壓引起的水管配件接頭移位而造成漏水，需在水管幹線適當部位砌築的墩座。簡稱支墩。
排水工程中排水制度和管渠附屬構築物的術語及其涵義
1、排水制度 sewer system 在一個地區內收集和輸送廢水的方式。它有合流制和分流制兩種基本方式。
2、合流制 combined system 用同一種管渠分別收集和輸送廢水的排水的方式。
3、分流制 separate system 用不同管渠分別收集和輸送各種污水、雨水和生產廢水的排水的方式。
4、檢查井 manhole 排水管渠上連接其他管渠以及供養護工人檢查、清通和出入管渠的構築物。
5、跌水井 drop manhole 上下游管底跌差較大的檢查井。
6、事故排出口 emergency outlet 在排水系統發生故障時，把廢水臨時排放到天然水體或其它地點去的設施。
7、曝雨溢流井 (截留井)storm overflow well ,intercepting well 合流制排水系統中，用來截留、控制合流水量的構築物
排水工程中水和水處理的術語及其涵義
1、生活污水 domestic sewage ,domestic wastewater 居民中日常生活中排出的廢水。
2、工業廢水 instrial wastewater 生產過程中排出的水。它包括生產廢水和生產污水。
3、生產污水polluted instrial wastewater 被污染的工業廢水。還包括水溫過高，排入後造成熱污染的工業廢水。
4、生產廢水 non-polluted instrial wastewater 未受污染或受輕微污染以及水溫稍有升高的工業廢水。
5、城市污水 municipal sewage ,municipal wastewater 排入城鎮污水系統的污水的統稱。在合流制排水系統中，還包括生產廢水和截留的雨水。
6、旱流污水 dry weather flow 合流制排水系統在晴天時輸送的污水。
7、水體自凈 self-purification of water bodies 河流等水體在自然條件的生化作用下，有機物降解，溶解氧回升和水體生物群逐漸恢復正常的過程。
8、一級處理 primary treatment 去除污水中的漂浮物和懸浮物的凈化過程，主要為沉澱。
9、二級處理 secondary treatment 污水經一級處理後，用生物處理方法繼續除去污水不膠體和溶解性有機物的凈化過程。
10、生物處理 biological treatment 利用微生物的作用，使污水中不穩定有機物降解和穩定的過程。
11、活性污泥法 activated sludge process 污水生物處理的一種方法。該法是在人工充氧條件下，對污水和各微生物群體進行連續混和培養，形成活性污泥。利用活性污泥的生物凝聚、吸附和氧化作用，以分解去除污水中的有機污染物。然後使污泥與水分離，大部分污泥再迴流到曝氣池，多餘部分則排出活性污泥系統。
12、生物膜法 biomembrance process 污水生物處理的一種方法。該法採用各種不同載體，通過污水與載體的不斷接觸，在載體上繁殖生物膜，利用膜的生物吸附和氧化作用，以降解去除污水中的有機污染物，脫落下來的生物膜與水進行分離。
13、雙層沉澱池(隱化池) Imhoff tank 由上層沉澱槽和下層污泥消化室組成。
14、初次沉澱池 primary sedimentation tank 污水處理中第一次沉澱的構築物，主要用以降低污水中的懸浮固體濃度。
15、二次沉澱池 secondary sedimentation tank 污水生物處理出水的沉澱構築物，用以分離其中的污泥。
16、生物濾池 biological filter ,trickling filter 由碎石或塑料製品填料構成的生物處理構築物。污水與填料表面上生長的微生物膜間歇接觸，使污水得到凈化。
17、生物接觸氧化 bio-contact oxidation 由浸沒在污水中的填料和人工曝氣系統構成的生物處理工藝。在有氧的條件下，污水與填表面的生物膜反復接觸，使污水獲得凈化。
18、曝氣池 aeration tank 利用活性污泥法進行污水生物處理的構築物。池內提供一定污水停留時間，滿足好氧微生物所需的氧量以及污水與活性污泥充分接觸的混合條件。
排水工程中污泥和污泥處理的術語及其涵義
1、原污泥 raw sludge 未經污泥處理的初沉污泥、二沉剩餘污或兩者的混合污泥。
2、初沉污泥 primary sludge 從初次沉澱池排出的沉澱物。
3、二沉污泥 secondary sludge 從二次沉澱池排出的沉澱物。
4、活性污泥 activated sludge 曝氣池中繁殖的含有各種好氧微生物群體的絮狀體。
5、消化污泥 digested sludge 經過好氧消化或厭氧消化的污泥，所含有機物質濃度有一定程度的降低，並趨於穩定。
6、迴流污泥 returned sludge 由於次沉澱池(或沉澱區)分離出來，迴流到曝氣池的活性污泥。
7、剩餘污泥 excess activated sludge 活性污泥系統中從二次沉澱池(或沉澱區)排出系統外的活性污泥。
8、污泥氣 sludge gas 在污泥厭氧消化時，有機物分解所產生的氣體。主要成分為甲烷和二氧化碳，並有少量的氫、氮和硫化氫。俗稱沼氣。
9、污泥消化 sludge digestion 在有氧或無氧條件下，利用微生物的作用，使污泥中有機物轉化為較穩定物質的過程。
10、好氧消化 aerobic digestion 污泥經過較長時間的曝氣，其中一部分有機物由好氧微生物進一步降解和穩定的過程。
11、厭氧消化 anaerobic digestion 在無氧條件下，污泥中的有機物由厭氧微生物進行降解和穩定的過程。
12、中溫消化 mesophilic digestion 污泥在溫度為33℃－35℃時進行的厭氧消化工藝。
13、高溫消化 thermophilic digestion 污泥在溫度為53℃－55℃時進行的厭氧消化工藝。
14、污泥濃縮 sludge thickening 採用重力或氣浮法降低污泥含水量，使污泥稠化的過程。
15、污泥淘洗 elutriation of sludge 改善污泥脫水能的一種污泥預處理方法。用清水或廢水淘洗污泥，降低水化污泥鹼度，節省污泥處理投葯量，提高污濾脫水效率。
16、污泥脫水 sludge dewatering 對濃縮污泥進一步去除一部分含水量的過程，一般指機械脫水。
17、污泥真空過濾 sludge vacuum filtration 利用真空使過濾介質一側減壓，介質的污泥脫水方法。
18、污泥壓濾 sludge pressure filtration 採用正壓過濾，使污泥水強制濾過介質的污泥脫水方法。
19、污泥干化 sludge drying 通過滲濾或蒸發等作用，從污泥中去除大部分含水量的過程，一般指採用污泥干化場(床)等自然蒸發設施。
20、污泥焚燒 sludge incineration 污泥處理的一種工藝。它利用焚燒爐將脫水污泥加溫乾燥，再用高溫氧化污泥中的有機物，使污泥成為少量灰燼。
排水工程中物理量的術語及其涵義
1、生化需氧量 biochmical oxygen demand 水樣在一定條件下，於一定期間內(一般採用5日、20℃)進行需氧化所消耗的溶解氧量。英文簡稱BOD。
2、化學需氧量 chemical oxygen demand 水樣中可氧化物從氧化劑重鉻酸鉀中所吸收的氧量。英文簡稱COD。
3、耗氧量 oxygen consumption 水樣中氧化物從氧化劑高錳酸鉀所吸收的氧量。英文簡稱OC或CODMn 。
4、懸浮固體 suspended solid 水中呈懸浮狀態的固體，一般指用濾紙過濾水樣，將濾後截留物在105℃溫度中乾燥恆重後的固體重量。英文簡稱SS
C. 國外礦井水深度處理的現狀及參考文獻下載
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D. 求一篇給水水處理的英語文獻，帶翻譯最好，急急急...
英文給排水論文
The multilevel residential housing is given and drains off water several questions designed
Summary: This text give and drain off water on multilevel residential housing design supply water the exertion of the tubular proct , Way of laying of pipeline, water gauge proce family set up, establishment and air conditioner condensation water of pot-type boiler discharge issue goes on the discussion , And put forward some concrete views. Keyword: Skyscraper, supply water the tubular proct , the pipeline is laid, The water gauge, the solar water heater
The skyscraper is simple with its auxiliary facility, the fabrication cost is low, the characteristic such as being convenient of estate management, Receive the welcomes of the real estate developer and vast resident of small and medium-sized cities very much. How project planning and design of inhabited region, scientific and technological instry of comfortable house, lead the request according to 2000, Improve the design level of the house, build out a comfortable living space for each household, It is each designers ty. As the heart of the house --The kitchen, bathroom, is that the function is complicated, hygiene, safe and comfortable degree are expected much, It is miscellaneous to build, the space expecting much in technology. So, the designer must consider synthetically with the idea and method of global design that the kitchen, bathroom give installation of the drainage pipeline and equipment, etc. Give and drain off water on skyscraper design supply water exertion, to lay pipeline of tubular proct, water gauge proce family set up, establishment and empty of pot-type boiler now Transfer condensation water discharge issue discuss together with colleagues.
( 1), supply water tubular proct select problem for use Traditional water supply tubular proct adopt zinc-plated steel tube generally, because zinc-plated steel tube exchange the corrosion, Use short-lived , use for and send domestic water can satisfied with water quality sanitary standard shortcoming, Ministry of Construction is popularizing the application of the feed pipe of plastics energetically . A lot of districts and cities have already expressed regulations: Forbid designing and using the zinc-plated steel tube , use widely the feed pipe of plastics. The plastics supply water In charge of compared with metal pipeline, light, it is fine to able to bear the intensity of keeping, Send obstruction little liquid , able to bear chemistry better to corrode performance, it is convenient to install, The steel energy-conservation of the province, merit of having long performance life etc.. Supply water and use plastics pipeline: Hard polyvinyl chloride( PVC-U), high density polyethylene( HDPE), pay and unite polyethylene( PEX) , modify the polypropylene( PP-R, PP-C), gather butane( PB), aluminum mould and compound and in charge of and the steel is molded and compound and is managed etc.. Choice of tubular proct economic comparative course of technology, technology should from pressure, temperature, environment for use, install method ,etc. go on and consider, Combine owners at the same time request and the house of grade, carry on and fix after being consider synthetically technology not economic. The above plastics supply water tubular proct can supply water tubular proct as house life. The economic and functional house conciliating Strand room in the face of the masses of with low- and medium-level incomes resident, can select for use hygiene grades of hard polyvinyl chloride in charge of as feed pipe mainly, In order to rece the fabrication cost; Medium-to-high grade commodity apartment available aluminum Mould and compound and in charge of or other plastics supply water the tubular proct as the feed pipe. House mix hot water temperature that water order exceed 600 C, so above-mentioned tubular proct in charge of except hard polyvinyl chloride and aluminum plastics compound and in charge of( PE-AL-PE), Mostly the tubular proct can be regarded as the hot water pipeline of the house.
( 2), pipeline lay problem 1. give and drain off water it set up there aren』t one that in charge of 1)Will install it in the corner place of the kitchen, bathroom tomorrow. Adopting this kind of way of laying more in the design of house in the past, it is convenient for it to construct, But will reveal the pipeline and hinder the room beautifully tomorrow Watch, the households will mostly be hidden with the light quality material in the equipment two times. 2)Will install it in the overcast angle place of the outer wall of the building tomorrow. Way this suitable for southern weather warm district only, the minimum temperature in winter cant be lower than zero degrees Centigrade, In case water pipe water-logging freeze ice is bloated to split pipeline, influence household use. Pipeline lay in outer wall, influence building to be beautiful, too inconvenient on manage and maintain in the future. 3) Lay it in the pipeline well. This way makes the room clean and beautiful, but the pipeline well has taken up the area of the bathroom, And pipeline construct, maintain relatively more difficult. Bathroom set up concentrate pipeline well, concentrate pipeline on assign in the well feed pipe, drain pipe, This is that the civilized importance lives in the kitchen of comfortable house, bathroom Embodiment. I think : Should consider the establishment of the pipeline well of the bathroom in the medium-to-high grade building conceptual design of commodity apartment, Improve quality of using of bathroom promptly so , can solve hard polyvinyl chloride drain pipe rivers noise heavy problem, Improve the environmental quality level of the room; Whether for bathroom in the areas for little economic and functional house and Overcome difficulties room, warm area give and drain off water and set up and in charge of and can consider and lay in the outer wall in the South, In order to increase using the space of the bathroom; Pipeline install and in the room, should influence kitchen, bathroom every sanitary equipment use of function tomorrow
2. supply water and prop up there aren』t tube House supply water prop up and in charge of pipe diameter one ≤ 32mm, de of battle,, little plastics feed pipe of pipe diameter is the crooked state, So the house supplies water and is propped up and in charge of being recommended and adopted and set up secretly. Supply water to prop up to manage darkly There are thes way had: 1)Set up in the brick wall secretly. Wall turn on and in charge of trough in brick when constructing, in charge of trough width tube +20 mm, de of external diameter,, degree of depth tube external diameter de, The pipeline is imbedded and managed directly Trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of son. 2)Whether pipe diameter supply water and prop up and last de ≤ 20mm,can set up at floor secretly( ) piece make level by layer. Turn on and in charge of trough in floor( ground) the board when constructing, it wides trough have to be de +10 mm deeply 1/2 of the de, Half pipeline imbed and in charge of trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of tube. Aluminum mould compound and in charge of and pay and unite polypropylene in charge of pipeline adopt metal pipe fittings connection, Must strengthen and in charge of trough size when adopting and set up secretly, and rivers some flood peak loss relatively heavy. Assign the relative house that concentrated to the kitchen, bathroom interior hygiene utensil, Can adopt and divide Water device go on and join , divide water device whether one more than branch in charge of and connect, every hygiene utensil supply water and prop up and in charge of and connects and publishes from the water dividing device separately. Can already prevent the tube burying the pipeline secretly from being connected like this Permeate the question. Can rece some flood peak lost, decrease the fabrication cost of pipe networks
3)Drain off water and prop up the tube to lay House room drain off water and in charge of and should set up at the time of inning this each, drain off water and in charge of permeating sideways like this canning prevent the sewage from waiting for the pollutant to enter the neighbor family sideways, Will not influence the neighbor either when the pipeline is maintained Normal life of one. Kitchen wash water drainage of basin propped up and in charge of generalizing inserts draining off water to stand to manage this layer of floor sideways; Floor drainage off water propped up and in charge of laying the room of lower floor. A lot of colleagues think now: Whether kitchen the ground it lay ceramic tile of, whose name is clean in when need develop with water,not strong in meaning to set up floor drain, So kitchen set up ground floor drain, avoid and drain off water and prop up and in charge of and enter neighbor family sideways already so, Can increase using the space of the kitchen . Bathroom drain off water and prop up and in charge of and lay concrete measure have in this layer sideways inside: 1)Improve the bathroom ground . Ground tendency high 150mm, adopt back row type take stool pot, washing basin, bath tub, water drainage of floor drain in charge of and bury in cushion layer secretly sideways. 2)Adopt the sinking type bathroom. Bathroom sink 350mm the floor, hygiene utensil drain off water and in charge of and bury on sinking space secretly sideways
Two method these can realize water drainage of bathroom prop up and in charge of earths surface to bury underground this one without entering the neighbor family sideways. Bury pipeline when installing, construction quality must check on strictly, can construct bathroom ground after confirming qualified secretly, So as not to leave the hidden danger in giving in the future using. Bathroom ground construct and can pack coal ash light quality material , also can adopt and lay bricks impracticable to lay plate making construct ground, Ground must make waterproof to deal with, method can waterproof to deal with according to roofing, make two oil one rubber and plastic ointment waterproof cloth.
3), water gauge the open air set up problem The water gauge is had indoors, not only the work load of checking meter is very heavy , but also make the security and privacy of the house rece greatly . So house divide into households of water gauge or divide households of figure of water gauge Show that should be set up in the open air. Skyscraper water gauge the open air set up following several kinds of forms: Whether 1.adopt far it pass by water gauge Change the ordinary water gauge into and pass the water gauge far, is joined the water gauge and data gathering machine by a signal line, And then reach intelligence to manage( the computer). Its merit lies in saving a large amount of people Strength comes to check meter, the data are accurate, the shortcoming is that the fabrication cost is high. Whether 2.adopt magnetic stripe card of by water gauge Users buy the electronic card of the running water Company in advance , then insert it in the storing device of the water gauge, Card amount of money dect automatically on the water, this way user need to prepay the water rate, The price of the water gauge is relatively high.
3. adopt it set up at the open air water gauge not ordinary 1)The water gauge is set up in the stair have a rest in the alcove of the platform. Household watersupply to prop up and manage and enter the kitchen, bathroom after the water gauge is measured. Way this realize water gauge proce room set up, equivalence low project have , supply water and set up and in charge of and set up with water gauge office results in aesthetic problems in stair. It suitable for the South warm district kitchen, bathroom assign close to the houses of positions of staircase. 2)The water gauge concentrates on being set up among the water gauges( meter box). Person who give when supplying water, set up water gauge in ground floor( meter box) on falling, every household watersupply to prop up and is in charge of applying having in the pipeline well, Southern area can overcast horn place lay along the outer wall in building too; Person who give when supplying water, can set up water gauge in roof( meter box) under upgoing. This way increases and supplies water to prop up In charge of and lay length, pipeline lay and influence building to be beautiful along outer wall. Water gauge proce way choice that family assign, must combine house kitchen, bathroom plane assign characteristic and concrete request of developer, Carry on to several feasibility scheme the above economic technology fix after comparing. Property well-managed medium-to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt and pass the water gauge far , It is that the water gauge will use the developing direction in the future; Estate management perfect medium- to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt magnetic stripe card water gauge( Company have this kind district of business can design in running water) Or concentrate on setting up it among the water gauges( case); Southern area unit type house can set up rest platform office in stair with ordinary water gauge, In order to rece the fabrication cost.
4) establishment question of the pot-type boiler Should reserve and install hot water supply terms of facility, set up hot water supply facilities with when the design of house. Have and concentrate house that hot water supply on , should consider house assign with installation position and cold hot water pipeline of hot water device. The pot-type boiler generally has three kinds, such as gas, electricity, solar energy,etc.. Whether last kitchen gas heater and electric heater or Bathroom inside, give when draining off water design shoulding reserve installation position and cold hot water interface of pipeline of water heater in advance in building, Install by oneself when convenient users fit up. Solar energy and hot water It is simple and convenient and safe for device to use, need fuel and electric power is low to run the expenses, Have long performance life, pollution-free, received by the masses of users favourably very much, Many houses have been small in recent years The district all install the solar water heater at the time of designing and construct. Solar water heater install and at the roof, need to set up the cold hot water pipeline among bathroom and water heater of the roofing like this generally, Consider installation of solar water heater when the design of house, household can only lay cold and hot pipeline along the building outer wall when installing in the future, Increase household degree of difficulty when installing like this , increase pipeline make the investment, influence building beautiful. Give when draining off water the design needing to solicit the developers suggestion first in building, Interconnected system one design, construct the solar water heater in unison; Reserve solar water heater and cold hot water installation position of pipeline in advance only. The cold hot water pipeline of the solar water heater can be laid In the pipeline well; Set up pipeline house of well , can set up one UPVC drain pipe of de110 as solar water heater hot water sleeve pipe of pipeline close to corner of person who take a shower in bathroom, Set up a de110 *75 three direct links in each hygiene interval ground, as connecting the entry of cold and hot water pipe
( 5), air conditioner condensation ink discharge the issue In recent years, air conditioner enter huge numbers of families graally, condensation water amorphous to discharge the building outer wall of pollution air conditioner have, Have influenced a beautiful important problem of biotope already. Building give when draining off water design shoulding consider air conditioner condensation ink discharge in a organized way. Concrete method can machine set up the water drain pipe of the condensation by the position outside reserving air conditioner, Drain off water and set up and in charge of and select PVC-U drain pipe de40 for use , reserve three direct links of draining off water highly in each air conditioner, It is convenient for air conditioner to drain off water hose insert directly.
E. 急求一篇關於塗裝廢水處理的英文文獻及相應翻譯，請幫忙！！！
典型汽車塗裝廢水處理工藝
摘 要：本文針對汽車塗裝廢水中含有樹脂、表面活性劑、重金屬離子，Oil、顏料等污染物，特別是其中的電泳廢水、噴漆廢水成份復雜，濃度高，可生化性差的實際情況，採用分質處理、混凝沉澱、混凝氣浮、砂濾等工藝對塗裝廢水進行處理，取得了良好效果：CODCr去除率大於80%。實際運行表明，該工藝在技術和經濟上均是合理可行的。
Treatment technics of representative coating wastewater of automobile manufacturing
Abstract：In this article, in allusion to the contamination of coating wastewater of automobile manufacturing which contains resin, surface active agent, heavy metal ion, oil, paint, dyestuff etc, especially the ELPO wastewater and painting wastewater which is complex, and has high concentration. we use separated pre-treatment, coagulating sedimentation, air flotation and sand filtration to treat coating wastewater and obtains good results: the removal rate of CODCr could be higher than 80%. The operate of the set proved that under this condition, it would be practicable both in technology and economy.
關鍵詞：塗裝廢水；分質處理；混凝沉澱；混凝氣浮；砂濾；Fenton試劑
Keywords：coating wastewater；separated pre-treatment；coagulating sedimentation；air flotation；sand filtration；Fenton reagent
http://203.208.33.132/search?q=cache:1mMFbNqlHpAJ:www1.eere.energy.gov/instry/chemicals/pdfs/ppgind.pdf+Treatment+Technology+for+WasteWater+from+Automobile+Painting&cd=10&hl=zh-CN&ct=clnk&gl=cn&st_usg=
翻譯
汽車及其零部件的塗裝是汽車製造過程中產生廢水排放最多的環節之一。塗裝廢水含有樹脂、表面活性劑、重金屬離子，Oil、PO43-、油漆、顏料、有機溶劑等污染物，CODCr值高，若不妥善處理，會對環境產生嚴重污染。對此類廢水，傳統的方法是直接對混合廢水進行混凝處理，治理效果不理想，出水水質不穩定，較難達到排放標准。特別是其中的噴漆廢水，含大量溶於水的有機溶劑，直接採用混凝法處理效果很差。我們在上海某汽車廠經過實地勘查、大量分析調研和小試，針對塗裝廢水的特點，採用分質預處理再進行後續處理的二步處理的方法，並選擇芬頓氧化—混凝沉澱，氣浮物化工藝進行處理，達到了排放標准，CODCr去除率達到80%以上。
1廢水的來源和主要污染物
1.1 塗裝廢水的來源及有害物質
塗裝廢水主要來自於預脫脂、脫脂、表調、磷化、鈍化等車身前處理工序；陰極電泳工序和中塗、噴面漆工序。
廢水中含有的主要有毒、有害物質如下：
塗裝前處理：亞硝酸鹽、磷酸鹽、乳化油、表面活性劑、Ni2+、Zn2+。
底塗：低溶劑陰極電泳漆膜、無鉛陰極電泳漆膜、顏料、粉劑、環氧樹脂、丁醇、乙二醇單丁醚、異丙醇、二甲基乙醇胺、聚丁二烯樹脂、二甲基乙醇、油漆等。
中塗、面塗：二甲苯、香蕉水等有機溶劑、漆膜、顏料、粉劑。
1.2 廢水水質、水量
本工程設計處理水量60m3/h。
油漆車間排放的廢水分為間歇排放的廢槽液和連續排放的清洗水。
間歇排放廢水主要來源於前處理槽的倒槽廢液、噴漆工段排放的廢液等，廢水濃度高，一次排放量大，水質如表1所示。
表1 間歇排放廢水的水質
污
染
物
源
來
水
廢
CODCr
mg/L
Oil
mg/L
PO43-
mg/L
Zn2+
mg/L
Ni2+
mg/L
Cd2+
mg/L
碳黑
mg/L
pH 其它
預脫脂槽、脫脂槽廢槽液、後噴淋、浸漬槽廢槽液 2500~
4000
300~
950
250~400 9.5~11
表調槽廢槽液 15~30 8.5~10.5
磷化槽廢槽液、後噴淋、浸漬槽廢槽液 400~600 100~150 20~30 6
鈍化槽廢槽液、後噴淋、浸漬槽廢槽液 50~100 1~3 4~5
電泳廢槽液 3000~
20000
81 7~9
中塗、面漆噴漆室水槽廢液 3000 5~6 漆渣
連續排放廢水主要來自於前處理工序的後噴淋、浸漬槽的溢流廢水等，相對間歇排放廢水，其濃度低、總排放水量大，其水質如表2所示。
表2 連續排放廢水的水質
源
來
水
廢
污
染
物
CODCr
mg/L
Oil
mg/L
PO43-
mg/L
Zn2+
mg/L
Ni2+
mg/L
Cd2+
mg/L
碳黑
mg/L
pH
脫脂後沖洗廢水 300 25 10~20 7~8
磷化後沖洗廢水 20~30 12 8 6
鈍化後沖洗廢水 10~15 0.1 5~6
DI水噴淋槽噴淋廢水 3900 1~3 4
循環去離子清洗廢水 400 6
自泳後水洗溢流廢水 100~1000 8 7~9
2．塗裝廢水處理工藝設計
汽車塗裝廢水處理工藝的關鍵之一在於合理的清濁分質。對部分難處理或影響後續處理的廢水，根據其性質和排放規律，先進行間歇的預處理，再和其它廢水集中連續處理，這樣不僅可以取得較好的和穩定的處理效果，而且在經濟上也合理可行。
2.1 塗裝廢水處理工藝流程
塗裝廢水處理工藝流程如圖1所示。
圖1某汽車廠塗裝廢水處理站處理流程
2.2 間歇預處理
2.2.1 脫脂廢液
對脫脂廢液採用酸化法進行破乳預處理，向脫脂廢液中投加無機酸將pH調至2～3，使乳化劑中的高級脂肪酸皂析出脂肪酸，這些高級脂肪酸不溶於水而溶於油，從而使脫脂廢液破乳析油。
另外，加酸後使脫脂廢液中的陰離子表面活性劑在酸性溶液中易分解而失去穩定性，失去了原有的親油和親水的平衡，從而達到破乳。經預處理後CODCr從2500～4000mg/L降低到1500～2400mg/L，去除率在40%左右；而含油量從300～950 mg/L降至50～70 mg/L，去除率高達90%～95%。
2.2.2 電泳廢液
在陰極電泳廢水中含有大量高分子有機物，CODCr最高可達20000mg/L，還含大量電泳渣，這些物質在水中呈細小懸浮物或呈負電性的膠體狀。處理中加入適當的陽離子型聚丙烯醯胺（PAM）和聚合氯化鋁（PAC）作混凝劑，利用絮凝劑的吸附架橋作用來快速去除廢水中的污染物。電泳廢液在預處理時要求pH值在11～12之間，有較好的沉澱效果。反應後的出水CODCr在2000 mg/L左右。
2.2.3 噴漆廢水
對噴漆廢水先採用Fenton試劑（H2O2+FeSO4）對其進行預處理，使其中的有機物氧化分解，CODCr去除效率約在30%左右，再加入PAC和PAM對其進行混凝沉澱，經過此兩步處理，CODCr的總去除率可達到60%～80％，由3000～20000mg/L降至1200～4000mg/L。出水排入混合廢水調節池。
Fenton試劑具有很強的氧化能力，當pH值較低時（控制在3左右），H2O2被Fe2+催化分解生成羥基自由基（·OH），並引發更多的其他自由基，從而引發一系列的鏈反應[1]。通過具有極強的氧化能力的·OH與有機物的反應，使廢水中的難降解有機物發生部分氧化、使廢水中的有機物C—C鍵斷裂，最終分解成H2O、CO2等，使CODCr降低。或者發生偶合或氧化，改變其電子雲密度和結構，形成分子量不太大的中間產物，從而改變它們的溶解性和混凝沉澱性。同時，Fe2+被氧化生成Fe(OH)3在一定酸度下以膠體形態存在，具有凝聚、吸附性能，還可除去水中部分懸浮物和雜質。出水通過後續的混凝沉澱進一步去除污染物，以達到凈化的目的[2]。
2.3 連續處理
經預處理的各類廢水排入均和調節池中，與其它廢水混合後進入連續處理流程。混合後的廢水CODCr約為700～900mg/L。連續處理分為二級：混凝沉澱和混凝氣浮。
在塗裝廢水中，油、高分子樹脂（環氧樹脂）、顏料（碳黑）、粉劑、磷酸鹽等在表面活性劑、溶劑及各種助劑的作用下，以膠體的形式穩定地分散在水溶液中。可以靠投加化學葯劑來破壞膠體的細微懸浮顆粒在水中形成的穩定體系，使其聚集成有明顯沉澱性能的絮凝體，然後形成沉澱或浮渣加以除去[3]。
在廢水中加入一定量的無機絮凝劑後，它們可中和乳化油或高分子樹脂的電位，壓縮雙電層，膠粒碰撞促進凝集，完成脫穩過程，形成細小密實的絮凝物。這樣可使塗裝廢水中的金屬離子和磷酸根離子在鹼性條件下生成的固體小顆粒形成沉澱物[4]。所以混凝處理可有效地去除汽車塗裝廢水中的油、高分子樹脂、顏料和粉劑[5]。
重金屬離子和磷酸鹽中，由於Ni2+生成Ni(OH)2沉澱以及PO43-生成Ca3 (PO4) 2沉澱的最佳pH值是10以上；而Zn2+生成氫氧化物沉澱的最佳pH值范圍是8.5～9.5，pH過高會形成ZnO22－而溶解。所以要分二級混凝反應以分別去除Ni2+，PO43-和Zn2+ 。同時，混凝反應後的固液分離分別採用的是斜板沉澱池和氣浮池，這樣既可以用斜板沉澱池來去除比重較大的重金屬化合物沉澱，又可以用氣浮池來去除比重較輕的有機物等。
2.3.1 混凝沉澱
第一級為混凝沉澱調節pH值為10～10.5。
反應槽採用推流式反應槽，分為三格。第一格加鹼將pH調高至10～10.5，加入CaCl2，第二格加FeSO4，第三格加混凝劑PAM，反應後進入斜板沉澱池進行固液分離。三格停留時間分別為15min、15min、7.5min。斜板沉澱池表面負荷按2m3/m2·h設計。一級反應CODCr去除率為50%～60%。圖2為一級反應槽示意圖。
圖2 一級反應槽示意圖
2.3.2 混凝氣浮
二級反應的反應槽，也採用推流式反應槽，分為三格。第一格加酸將pH回調至8.5～9，第二格加PAC，第三格加PAM，反應後進入氣浮池進行固液分離。二級反應槽三格停留時間分別為10min、10min、5min。氣浮池的溶氣水按處理水量的30%設計。二級反應CODCr去除率為20%～25%，同時氣浮也去除了Zn2+和一部分的表面活性劑。
2.4 深度處理
深度處理採用砂濾和活性炭過濾。從運行情況看，經砂濾後的出水即能達到排放標准（CODCr≤300mg/L）。砂濾裝置的過濾速度控制在10～12m3/（m2·h）。反沖洗水由監測水箱中的水加壓後提供，反沖洗強度控制在16～18L/（m2·s）。
砂濾後的出水已能達到排放要求，因此，活性炭過濾只是一個應急保證措施，一般情況下較少使用。
2.5 污泥處理
污泥處理的好壞，直接影響廢水處理站的運行。由於污泥含油量高，直接進行壓濾效果較差，在污泥濃縮槽中加入Ca（OH）2，pH調整至10左右，能達到較好的壓濾效果。污泥含水率經板框壓濾機後可由99%下降至75%～80%。
2.6 連續處理去除率分析
連續處理過程去除率如表3所示。
表3 連續處理效率
出水位置 CODCr去除率
斜板沉澱池出口 50%～60%
氣浮池出口 20%～25%
砂濾出口 15%
3處理效果分析
該工程自2002年運行至今，處理效果穩定，表4為上海市環境監測中心2004年對該廠的監測分析報告數據匯總。監測時間為3天，每天取樣12次（1小時取樣一次，包括廢水處理裝置進口和出口）。
表4 廢水處理設施總排口監測數據
監測
項目
廢水處理裝置進口* 廢水處理裝置出口 上海市《污水綜合排放標准》（DB31/199–1997）
濃度最小值(mg/L) 濃度最大值(mg/L) 濃度平均值(mg/L) 濃度最小值(mg/L) 濃度最大值(mg/L) 濃度平均值(mg/L)
pH 6.94 8.96 8.32 7.57 8.85 7.8 6~9
CODCr 434 759 625 73 132 115.6 300 三級標准
SS 93 351 204 21 145 29 350 三級標准
BOD5 36 145 87 4 83 16.9 150 三級標准
Oil 2.6 11.5 5.1 0.1 0.9 0.6 10 二級標准
Zn2+** - - - 0.02 1.6 0.09 4.0 二級標准
Mn2+** - - - 0.05 0.26 0.16 5.0 二級標准
Ni2+** - - - ND 0.18 0.09 1.0 第一類污染物排放標准
苯 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.2 二級標准
甲苯 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.2 二級標准
二甲苯 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.6 二級標准
*廢水處理裝置進口指連續處理裝置進口。
** Zn2+、Mn2+、Ni2+本次監測未分析，表中所列為該廠廢水處理站日常分析數據。
由上表可以看出，經處理後的廢水以上海市《污水綜合排放標准》（DB31/199—1997）進行評價，其中CODCr、BOD5、SS按三級標准評價（廢水處理後排入安亭水質凈化廠），其餘採用二級標准及第一類污染物最高允許排放濃度，均能達到工程設計指標。
目前，處理裝置運行穩定，出水均能達標。
4．技術經濟分析
工程造價和運行費用是人們在選用處理方法時所必須考慮和關心的問題。本工程採用分質處理後，與一般的集中物化處理比較，節省了加葯量，污泥產量也有所減少，在一定程度上減少了運行費用，更重要的是保證了出水水質的穩定達標。本項目的技術經濟指標見表5。
表5 本處理工程技術經濟指標
總投資/萬元 單位體積污水投資/萬元 年運行費用/萬元 單位體積污水處理費/元/m3
800 1.11 30 1.67
*年工作日按250天計，日處理水量為720 m3。
5．結論
1、本工程採用分質處理、混凝沉澱、混凝氣浮、砂濾等工藝對汽車塗裝廢水進行處理在技術和經濟上是合理可行的。實際運行結果證明，此工藝對重金屬、SS、Oil的去除效率超過90%，對CODCr的去除率大於80%。
2、汽車塗裝廢水水量和水質變化大，要特別的重視廢水水量、水質均衡和分質預處理。根據工程實踐證明，對脫脂廢液，電泳廢水、廢液和噴漆廢水這三股廢水分別進行間歇預處理，這不僅有利於後續處理效率的提高，體現出技術和經濟的統一，而且對整個系統的穩定運行和出水的穩定達標至關重要。
參考文獻：
熊忠，林衍等 Fenton氧化法在廢水處理中的應用[J] 新疆環境保護，2002，24（2）：35～39
張林生，魏峰等 物理化學法處理汽車工業電泳塗裝工藝中的超濾液廢水[J] 給水排水，1999，25（10）：33～36
劉紹根,汽車塗裝廢水處理技術[J] 工業用水與廢水，2001，32（2）：11～13
劉紹根，黃顯懷 物化—生化法處理汽車生產廢水[J] 給水排水，2001，27（12）：53～56
廖亮，吳一飛等 磷化-噴漆線的廢水處理工藝研究[J] 環境技術，2000，18，（4）：18～21
F. 污水處理的畢業設計外文參考文獻都有什麼
plc是用於系統控制，污水處理是項目，沒有針對書籍。只有根據你項目所要達到的要求，用什麼樣的控制系統去解決，可以選，可以設計，沒有統一的標准。
G. 水處理工藝簡介（英文）
Biological Wastewater Treatment
This is a brief summary of the various techniques that have been developed to treat
wastewater by biological means. They accomplish what is generally called secondary treatment.
Purpose:
The idea behind all biological methods of wastewater treatment is to introce contact
with bacteria (cells), which feed on the organic materials in the wastewater, thereby
recing its BOD content. In other words, the purpose of biological treatment is BOD
rection.
Typically, wastewater enters the treatment plant with a BOD higher than 200 mg/L, but primary settling has already reced it to about 150 mg/L by the time it enters the
biological component of the system. It needs to exit with a BOD content no higher than about 20-30 mg/L, so that after dilution in the nearby receiving water body (river, lake), the BOD is less than 2-3 mg/L. Thus, the biological treatment needs to accomplish a 6-fold decrease in BOD.
Principle:
Simple bacteria (cells) eat the organic material present in the wastewater. Through their metabolism, the organic material is transformed into cellular mass, which is no longer in solution but can be precipitated at the bottom of a settling tank or retained as slime on solid surfaces or vegetation in the system. The water exiting the system is then much clearer than it entered it.
A key factor is the operation of any biological system is an adequate supply of oxygen.
Indeed, cells need not only organic material as food but also oxygen to breathe, just like humans. Without an adequate supply of oxygen, the biological degradation of the waste is slowed down, thereby requiring a longer residency time of the water in the system. For a given flowrate of water to be treated, this translates into a system with a larger volume and thus taking more space.
Advantages:
Like all biological systems, operation takes place at ambient temperature. There is no
need to heat or cool the water, which saves on energy consumption. Because wastewater treatment operations take much space, they are located outdoor, and this implies that the system must be able to operate at seasonally varying temperatures. Cells come in a mix of many types, and accommodation to a temperature change is simply accomplished by self adaptation of the cell population.
Similarly, a change in composition of the organic material (e to people』s changing
activities) leads to a spontaneous change in cell population, with the types best suited to digest the new material growing in larger numbers than other cell types.
Types of equipment for biological treatment:
There are two broad types of biological wastewater treatment: those that include
mechanical means to create contact between wastewater, cells and oxygen, and those than don』t.
a) With mechanical means:
1. Activated sludge: This is the most common type. It consists in a set of two basins. In the first, air is pumped through perforated pipes at the bottom of the basin, air rises through the water in the form of many small bubbles. These bubbles accomplish two things: they provide oxygen form the air to the water and create highly turbulent conditions that favor intimate contact between cells, the organic material in the water and oxygen. The second basin is a settling tank, where water flow is made to be very quiet so that the cellular material may be removed by gravitational settling. Some of the cell material collected at the bottom is captured and fed back into the first basin to seed the process. The rest is treated anaerobically (= without oxygen) until it is transformed into a compost-type material (like soil).
The cost of an activated-sludge system is chiefly e to the energy required to pump air at high pressure at the bottom of the aerator tank (to overcome the hydrostatic pressure of the water). Another disadvantage is that the operation is accomplished in two separate basins, thereby occupying a substantial amount of real estate.
2. Trickling filter: A trickling filter consists in a bed of fist-size rocks over which the
wastewater is gently sprayed by a rotating arm. Slime (fungi, algae) develops on the rock surface, growing by intercepting organic material from the water as it trickles down. Since the water layer passing over the rocks makes thin sheets, there is good contact with air and cells are effectively oxygenated. Worms and insects living in this 「」 also contribute to removal of organic material from the water. The slime periodically slides off the rocks and is collected at the bottom of the system, where it is removed. Water needs to be trickled several times over the rocks before it is sufficiently cleaned. Multiple spraying also provides a way to keep the biological slimes from drying out in hours of low-flow conditions (ex. at night). Plastic nets are graally replacing rocks in newer versions of this system, providing more surface area per volume, thereby recing the size of the equipment.
3. Biological contactor: This is essentially a variation on the trickling filter, with the
difference being that solid material on which slime grows is brought to the water rather than water being brought to it. Rotating disks alternate exposure between air and water.
b) Without mechanical means:
The wastewater is made to flow by gravity through a specially constructed wetland.
There, the water is brought into close contact with vegetation (ex. reeds), which acts as a biological filter to the water. The organic material in the wastewater is used as nutrient by the plants. Oxygen supply is passively accomplished by surface aeration (contact with oxygen of the atmosphere). Since water flow is slow in such system, to give ample time for the biological activity to take place, there is almost no turbulence in the water and reaeration is weak. Compared to mechanical systems, constructed wetlands occupy far more real estate, but they may be aesthetically pleasing, especially if they are well integrated in the local landscape. They emit no odor, but people should stay away because of the danger posed by pathogens. Constructed wetlands have also the least energy requirement. Energy is only needed to pump the wastewater to the entrance of the system, from where gravity and biology do the rest. A major disadvantage, however, is the highly reced performance ring winter, especially in regions where ground freezes ring some of the winter months.
H. 求水處理中英文對照外文論文翻譯
Introction to Civil Engineering Papers
Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.
People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.
The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.
The application of a large number of steel procts is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.
From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical instry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ctility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then proce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the graal emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.
From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.
In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.
During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel proction, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.
From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.
A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system.
Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness.
In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and proction. Later, in order to adapt to the war, proction and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings.
Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on.
After the instrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of instrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. . For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part.
Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, graally formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the graally developed into a science.
In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience.
Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.
In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.
I. 能不能幫我找一篇關於水處理技術的外文文獻學術論文要求必須是論文格式的字數不少於5000字
推薦到OA圖書館查詢。
輸入英文關鍵詞即可。
文獻，一般都是pdf格式的。word格式很少。
J. 求一篇關於「二級反滲透水處理系統」的「英文」文獻，注意，是英文的啊，謝謝啦[email protected]
去這里看：
http://espwaterprocts.com/about-reverse-osmosis.htm
http://www.advancedwaterfilters.com/