A. 关于水处理方面的英文文献翻译
Shandong Taihe Water Treatment Co., Ltd. is a development, proction, sales and technical service for one professional manufacturer of water treatment agent.
Taihe operating objectives are:
Doing world-class water treatment chemicals and related professional manufacturer of chemicals
Taihe target customers are:
1. Domestic: peer and distributor of water treatment;
2. International: the international well-known large companies, chemical distributors, dealers.
Taihe services:
1. Free water quality analysis, prescription screening, operation of programming, on-site guidance, such as a full range of technical services (Taihe-site customer service is the name of the end-user);
2. Proct customization, sample processing, free mixed: the proction of all work-related Taihe completed, you need to do is hard to maintain customers.
Taihe advantages:
1. Technological advantage: its own labs and professional R & D team is a new source of emerging procts and proct quality have been improved security; a well-established quality assurance system and advanced detection equipment is in the quality of procts and stability can be improved basis.
Our senior engineers, general manager of the chemical analysis, ISO9001: 2000 quality management system auditors who; several elite members of the instry consultants, employed a number of years so the guidance of Dr..
2. Proct advantages: full range, quality, stability, and cost-effective;
Integrated circuit chips exported to Japan for the high-purity crystal cleaner chemical procts, as well as the largest domestic proction of organic phosphate crystals, such as ATMP, HEDP, EDTMPA, HDTMPA solid, such as potassium and sodium.
Polymer dispersant is a series of advantages Taihe procts, is the focus of export procts, export more than 1000 tons of AA / AMPS, TH-3100 and so on, as a result of the proction process optimization and bulk purchases of raw materials, relatively low cost can be to provide users with high-quality polymer prices lower, if you have a molecular weight of polymer, we have the instry's only gel chromatography and unique technology enables the polymerization to control molecular weight and its distribution of procts to meet your needs.
3. Management Advantage: It is an experienced management team and strong combat effectiveness, good management system and operation of ERP systems for many years.
B. 急求关于水处理的英文原文和翻译，谢谢了
给排水常用名词中英文对照
1、给水工程 water supply engineering 原水的取集和处理以及成品水输配的工程。
2、排水工程 sewerage ,wastewater engineering 收集、输送、处理和处置废水的工程。
3、给水系统 water supply system 给水的取水、输水、水质处理和配水等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
4、排水系统 sewerage system 排水的收集、输送、水质处理和排放等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
5、给水水源 water source 给水工程所取用的原水水体。
6、原水raw water 由水源地取来的原料水。
7、地表水surface water 存在于地壳表面，暴露于大气的水。
8、地下水ground water 存在于地壳岩石裂缝或工壤空隙中的水。
9、苦咸水(碱性水) brackish water ,alkaline water 碱度大于硬度的水，并含大量中性盐，PH值大于7。
10、淡水fresh water 含盐量小于500mg/L的水。
11、冷却水cooling water 用以降低被冷却对象温度的水。
12、废水 wastewater 居民活动过程中排出的水及径流雨水的总称。它包括生活污水、工业废水和初雨径流以及流入排水管渠的其它水。
13、污水sewage ,wastewater 受一定污染的来自生活和生产的排出水。
14、用水量 water consumption 用水对象实际使用的水量。
15、污水量 wastewater flow ,sewage flow 排水对象排入污水系统的水量。
16、用水定额 water flow norm 对不同的排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
17、排水定额 wastewater flow norm 对不同的排水对象，在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
18、水质 water quality 在给水排水工程中，水的物理、化学、生物学等方面的性质。
19、渠道 channel ,conit 天然、人工开凿、整治或砌筑的输水通道。
20、泵站 pumping house 设置水泵机组、电气设备和管道、闸阀等的房屋。
21、泵站 pumping station 泵房及其配套设施的总称。
22、给水处理 water treatment 对不符合用不对象水质要求的水。进行水质改善的过程。
23、污水处理 sewage treatment ,wastewater treatment 为使污水达到排水某一水体或再次使用的水质要求，对其进行净化的过程。
24、废水处理 wastewater disposal 对废水的最终安排。一般将废水排入地表水体、排放土地和再次使用等。
25、格栅 bar screen 一种栅条形的隔污设备，用以拦截水中较大尺寸的漂浮物或其他杂物。
26、曝气 aeration 水与气体接触，进行溶氧或散除水中溶解性气体和挥发性物质的过程。
27、沉淀 sedimentation 利用重力沉降作用去除水中杂物的过程。
28、澄清 clarification 通过与高浓度沉渣层的接触而去除水中杂物的过程。
29、过滤filtration 借助粒状材料或多孔介质截除水中质物的过程。
30、离子交换法 ion exchange 采用离子交换剂去除水中某些盐类离子的过程。
31、氯化 chlorination 在水中投氯或含氯氧化物方法消灭病原体的过程。
32、余氯 resial chlorine 水中投氯，经一定时间接触后，在水中余留的游离性氯和结合性氯的总和。
33、游离性余氯 free resial chlorine 水中以次氯酸和次氯酸盐形态存在的余氯。
34、结合性余氯 combinative resial chlorine 水中以二氯胺和一氯胺形态存在的余氯。
35、污泥 sludge 在水处理过程中产生的，以及排水管渠中沉积的固体与水的混合物或胶体物。
36、污泥处理 sludge treatment 对污泥的最终安排。一般将污泥作农肥、制作建筑材料、填埋和投弃等。
37、水头损失 head loss 水流通过管渠、设备和构筑物等所引起的能量消耗。
给水工程中系统和水量方面的术语
1、直流水系统 once through system 水经过一次使用后即行排放或处理后排放的给水系统。
2、复用水系统 water reuse system 水经重复利用后再行排放或处理后排放的给水系统。
3、循环水系统 recirculation system 水经使用后不予排放而循环利用或处理后循环利用的给水系统。
4、生活用水 domestic water 人类日常生活所需用的水。
5、生产用水 process water 生产过程所需用的水。
6、消防用水 fire demand 扑灭火灾所需用的水。
7、浇洒道路用水 street flushing demand ,road watering 对城镇道路进行保养、清洗、降温和消尘等所需用水。
8、绿化用水 green belt sprinkling ,green plot sprinkling 对市政绿地等所需用的水。
给水工程取水构筑物的术语
1、管井 deep well ,drilled well 井管从地面打到含水层，抽取地下水的井。
2、管井滤水管 deep well screen 设置在管井动水位以下，用以从含水层中集水的有缝隙或孔隙的管段。
3、管井沉淀管 grit compartment 位于管井最下部，用以容纳进入井内的沙粒和从水中析出的沉淀物的管段。
4、大口井 g well ,open well 由人工开挖或沉井法施工，设置井筒，以截取浅层地下水的构筑物。
5、井群 batter of wells 数个井组成的群体。
6、渗渠 infiltration gallery 壁上开孔，以集取浅层地下水的水平管渠。
7、地下水取水构筑物反滤层 inverted layer 在大口井或渗渠进水处铺设的粒径沿水流方向由细到粗的级配砾层(简称反滤层)
8、泉室 spring chamber 集取泉水的构筑物。
9、进水间 intake chamber 连接取水管与吸水井、内设格栅或格网的构筑物。
10、格网 screen 一种网状的用以拦截水中较大尺寸的漂浮物、水生动物或其他污染物的拦污设备。其网眼尺寸较格栅为小。
11、吸水井 suction well 为水泵吸水管专门设置的构筑物。
给水工程中净水构筑物的术语
1、净水构筑物 purification structure 以去除水中悬浮固体和胶体杂质等为主要目的的构筑物的总称。
2、投药 chemical dosing 为进行水处理而向水中加一定剂量的化学药剂的过程。
3、混合 mixing 使投入的药剂迅速均匀地扩散于被处理水中以创造良好的凝聚反应条件的过程。
4、凝聚 coagulation 为了消除胶体颗粒间的排斥力或破坏其亲水性，使颗粒易于相互接触而吸附的过程。
5、絮凝 flocculation A、完成凝聚的胶体在一定的外力扰动下相互碰撞、聚集以形成较大絮状颗粒的过程。曾用名反应。 B、高分子絮凝剂在悬浮固体和胶体杂质之间吸附架桥的过程。
6、自然沉淀 plain sedimentation 不加注任何凝聚剂的沉淀过程。
7、凝聚沉淀 coagulation sedimentation 加注凝聚剂的沉淀过程。
8、凝聚剂 coagulant 在凝聚过程中所投加的药剂的统称。
9、助凝剂 coagulant aid 在水的沉淀、澄清过程中，为改善絮凝效果，另设加的辅助药剂。
10、药剂固定储备量 standby reserve 为考虑非正常原因导致药剂供应中断，而在药剂仓库内设置的在一般情况下不准动用的储备量。简称固定储备量。
11、药剂周转储备量 current reserve 考虑药剂消耗与供应时间之间差异所需的储备量。简称周转储备量。
12、沉沙池(沉砂池)desilting basin ,grit chamber 去除水中自重很大、能自然沉降的较大粒径沙粒或杂粒的水池。
13、预沉池 pre-sedimentation tank 原水中泥沙颗粒较大或浓度较高时，在进行凝聚沉淀处理前设置的沉淀池。
14、平流沉淀池 horizontal flow sedimentation tank 水沿水平方向流动的沉淀池。
15、异向流斜管 (或斜板)沉淀池 tube(plate)settler 池内设置斜管(或斜板)，水自下而上经斜管(或斜板)进行沉淀，沉泥沿斜管(或斜板)向下滑动的沉淀的池。
16、同向流斜板沉淀池lamella 池内设置斜板，沉淀过程在斜板内进行，水流与沉泥均沿斜板向下流动的沉淀池。
17、机械搅拌澄清池 accelerator 利用机械使水提升和搅拌，促使泥渣循环，并使原水中固体杂质与己形成的泥渣接触絮凝而分离沉淀的水池。
18、水力循环澄清池 circulator clarifier 利用水力使水提升，促使泥渣循环，并使原水中固体杂质与己形成的泥渣接触絮凝而分离沉淀的水池。
19、脉冲澄清池 pulsator 悬浮层不断产生固周期性的压缩和膨胀，促使原水中固体杂质与己形成的泥渣进行接触凝聚页分离沉淀的水池。
20、悬浮澄清池 sludge blanket clarifier 加药后的原水由上通过处于悬浮状态的泥渣层，使水中杂质与泥渣悬浮层的颗粒碰撞凝聚而分离沉淀的水池。
21、液面负荷 surface load 在沉淀池、澄清池等沉淀构筑物的净化部分中，单位液(水)面积所负担的出水流量。其计量单位通常以m3/(m2.h)表示。
22、气浮池 floatation tank 运用絮凝和浮选原理使液体中的杂质分离上浮而去除的池子。
23、气浮溶气罐 dissolved air vessel 在气浮工艺中，水与空气在有压条件下相互溶合的密闭容器。简称溶气罐。
24、清水池 clear-water reservoir 为贮存水厂中净化后的清水，以调节水厂制水量与供水量之间的差额，并为满足加氯接触时间而设置的水池。
给水工程中输配水管网的术语
1、配水管网 distribution system ，pipe system 将水送到分配管网以至用户的管系。
2、环状管网pipe network 配水管网的一种置形式，管道纵横相互接通，形成环状。
3、枝状管网 branch system 配水管网的一种布置形式，干管和支管分明，形成树枝状。
4、水管支墩 buttress ,anchorage 为防止由管内水压引起的水管配件接头移位而造成漏水，需在水管干线适当部位砌筑的墩座。简称支墩。
排水工程中排水制度和管渠附属构筑物的术语及其涵义
1、排水制度 sewer system 在一个地区内收集和输送废水的方式。它有合流制和分流制两种基本方式。
2、合流制 combined system 用同一种管渠分别收集和输送废水的排水的方式。
3、分流制 separate system 用不同管渠分别收集和输送各种污水、雨水和生产废水的排水的方式。
4、检查井 manhole 排水管渠上连接其他管渠以及供养护工人检查、清通和出入管渠的构筑物。
5、跌水井 drop manhole 上下游管底跌差较大的检查井。
6、事故排出口 emergency outlet 在排水系统发生故障时，把废水临时排放到天然水体或其它地点去的设施。
7、曝雨溢流井 (截留井)storm overflow well ,intercepting well 合流制排水系统中，用来截留、控制合流水量的构筑物
排水工程中水和水处理的术语及其涵义
1、生活污水 domestic sewage ,domestic wastewater 居民中日常生活中排出的废水。
2、工业废水 instrial wastewater 生产过程中排出的水。它包括生产废水和生产污水。
3、生产污水polluted instrial wastewater 被污染的工业废水。还包括水温过高，排入后造成热污染的工业废水。
4、生产废水 non-polluted instrial wastewater 未受污染或受轻微污染以及水温稍有升高的工业废水。
5、城市污水 municipal sewage ,municipal wastewater 排入城镇污水系统的污水的统称。在合流制排水系统中，还包括生产废水和截留的雨水。
6、旱流污水 dry weather flow 合流制排水系统在晴天时输送的污水。
7、水体自净 self-purification of water bodies 河流等水体在自然条件的生化作用下，有机物降解，溶解氧回升和水体生物群逐渐恢复正常的过程。
8、一级处理 primary treatment 去除污水中的漂浮物和悬浮物的净化过程，主要为沉淀。
9、二级处理 secondary treatment 污水经一级处理后，用生物处理方法继续除去污水不胶体和溶解性有机物的净化过程。
10、生物处理 biological treatment 利用微生物的作用，使污水中不稳定有机物降解和稳定的过程。
11、活性污泥法 activated sludge process 污水生物处理的一种方法。该法是在人工充氧条件下，对污水和各微生物群体进行连续混和培养，形成活性污泥。利用活性污泥的生物凝聚、吸附和氧化作用，以分解去除污水中的有机污染物。然后使污泥与水分离，大部分污泥再回流到曝气池，多余部分则排出活性污泥系统。
12、生物膜法 biomembrance process 污水生物处理的一种方法。该法采用各种不同载体，通过污水与载体的不断接触，在载体上繁殖生物膜，利用膜的生物吸附和氧化作用，以降解去除污水中的有机污染物，脱落下来的生物膜与水进行分离。
13、双层沉淀池(隐化池) Imhoff tank 由上层沉淀槽和下层污泥消化室组成。
14、初次沉淀池 primary sedimentation tank 污水处理中第一次沉淀的构筑物，主要用以降低污水中的悬浮固体浓度。
15、二次沉淀池 secondary sedimentation tank 污水生物处理出水的沉淀构筑物，用以分离其中的污泥。
16、生物滤池 biological filter ,trickling filter 由碎石或塑料制品填料构成的生物处理构筑物。污水与填料表面上生长的微生物膜间歇接触，使污水得到净化。
17、生物接触氧化 bio-contact oxidation 由浸没在污水中的填料和人工曝气系统构成的生物处理工艺。在有氧的条件下，污水与填表面的生物膜反复接触，使污水获得净化。
18、曝气池 aeration tank 利用活性污泥法进行污水生物处理的构筑物。池内提供一定污水停留时间，满足好氧微生物所需的氧量以及污水与活性污泥充分接触的混合条件。
排水工程中污泥和污泥处理的术语及其涵义
1、原污泥 raw sludge 未经污泥处理的初沉污泥、二沉剩余污或两者的混合污泥。
2、初沉污泥 primary sludge 从初次沉淀池排出的沉淀物。
3、二沉污泥 secondary sludge 从二次沉淀池排出的沉淀物。
4、活性污泥 activated sludge 曝气池中繁殖的含有各种好氧微生物群体的絮状体。
5、消化污泥 digested sludge 经过好氧消化或厌氧消化的污泥，所含有机物质浓度有一定程度的降低，并趋于稳定。
6、回流污泥 returned sludge 由于次沉淀池(或沉淀区)分离出来，回流到曝气池的活性污泥。
7、剩余污泥 excess activated sludge 活性污泥系统中从二次沉淀池(或沉淀区)排出系统外的活性污泥。
8、污泥气 sludge gas 在污泥厌氧消化时，有机物分解所产生的气体。主要成分为甲烷和二氧化碳，并有少量的氢、氮和硫化氢。俗称沼气。
9、污泥消化 sludge digestion 在有氧或无氧条件下，利用微生物的作用，使污泥中有机物转化为较稳定物质的过程。
10、好氧消化 aerobic digestion 污泥经过较长时间的曝气，其中一部分有机物由好氧微生物进一步降解和稳定的过程。
11、厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion 在无氧条件下，污泥中的有机物由厌氧微生物进行降解和稳定的过程。
12、中温消化 mesophilic digestion 污泥在温度为33℃－35℃时进行的厌氧消化工艺。
13、高温消化 thermophilic digestion 污泥在温度为53℃－55℃时进行的厌氧消化工艺。
14、污泥浓缩 sludge thickening 采用重力或气浮法降低污泥含水量，使污泥稠化的过程。
15、污泥淘洗 elutriation of sludge 改善污泥脱水能的一种污泥预处理方法。用清水或废水淘洗污泥，降低水化污泥碱度，节省污泥处理投药量，提高污滤脱水效率。
16、污泥脱水 sludge dewatering 对浓缩污泥进一步去除一部分含水量的过程，一般指机械脱水。
17、污泥真空过滤 sludge vacuum filtration 利用真空使过滤介质一侧减压，介质的污泥脱水方法。
18、污泥压滤 sludge pressure filtration 采用正压过滤，使污泥水强制滤过介质的污泥脱水方法。
19、污泥干化 sludge drying 通过渗滤或蒸发等作用，从污泥中去除大部分含水量的过程，一般指采用污泥干化场(床)等自然蒸发设施。
20、污泥焚烧 sludge incineration 污泥处理的一种工艺。它利用焚烧炉将脱水污泥加温干燥，再用高温氧化污泥中的有机物，使污泥成为少量灰烬。
排水工程中物理量的术语及其涵义
1、生化需氧量 biochmical oxygen demand 水样在一定条件下，于一定期间内(一般采用5日、20℃)进行需氧化所消耗的溶解氧量。英文简称BOD。
2、化学需氧量 chemical oxygen demand 水样中可氧化物从氧化剂重铬酸钾中所吸收的氧量。英文简称COD。
3、耗氧量 oxygen consumption 水样中氧化物从氧化剂高锰酸钾所吸收的氧量。英文简称OC或CODMn 。
4、悬浮固体 suspended solid 水中呈悬浮状态的固体，一般指用滤纸过滤水样，将滤后截留物在105℃温度中干燥恒重后的固体重量。英文简称SS
C. 国外矿井水深度处理的现状及参考文献下载
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D. 求一篇给水水处理的英语文献，带翻译最好，急急急...
英文给排水论文
The multilevel residential housing is given and drains off water several questions designed
Summary: This text give and drain off water on multilevel residential housing design supply water the exertion of the tubular proct , Way of laying of pipeline, water gauge proce family set up, establishment and air conditioner condensation water of pot-type boiler discharge issue goes on the discussion , And put forward some concrete views. Keyword: Skyscraper, supply water the tubular proct , the pipeline is laid, The water gauge, the solar water heater
The skyscraper is simple with its auxiliary facility, the fabrication cost is low, the characteristic such as being convenient of estate management, Receive the welcomes of the real estate developer and vast resident of small and medium-sized cities very much. How project planning and design of inhabited region, scientific and technological instry of comfortable house, lead the request according to 2000, Improve the design level of the house, build out a comfortable living space for each household, It is each designers ty. As the heart of the house --The kitchen, bathroom, is that the function is complicated, hygiene, safe and comfortable degree are expected much, It is miscellaneous to build, the space expecting much in technology. So, the designer must consider synthetically with the idea and method of global design that the kitchen, bathroom give installation of the drainage pipeline and equipment, etc. Give and drain off water on skyscraper design supply water exertion, to lay pipeline of tubular proct, water gauge proce family set up, establishment and empty of pot-type boiler now Transfer condensation water discharge issue discuss together with colleagues.
( 1), supply water tubular proct select problem for use Traditional water supply tubular proct adopt zinc-plated steel tube generally, because zinc-plated steel tube exchange the corrosion, Use short-lived , use for and send domestic water can satisfied with water quality sanitary standard shortcoming, Ministry of Construction is popularizing the application of the feed pipe of plastics energetically . A lot of districts and cities have already expressed regulations: Forbid designing and using the zinc-plated steel tube , use widely the feed pipe of plastics. The plastics supply water In charge of compared with metal pipeline, light, it is fine to able to bear the intensity of keeping, Send obstruction little liquid , able to bear chemistry better to corrode performance, it is convenient to install, The steel energy-conservation of the province, merit of having long performance life etc.. Supply water and use plastics pipeline: Hard polyvinyl chloride( PVC-U), high density polyethylene( HDPE), pay and unite polyethylene( PEX) , modify the polypropylene( PP-R, PP-C), gather butane( PB), aluminum mould and compound and in charge of and the steel is molded and compound and is managed etc.. Choice of tubular proct economic comparative course of technology, technology should from pressure, temperature, environment for use, install method ,etc. go on and consider, Combine owners at the same time request and the house of grade, carry on and fix after being consider synthetically technology not economic. The above plastics supply water tubular proct can supply water tubular proct as house life. The economic and functional house conciliating Strand room in the face of the masses of with low- and medium-level incomes resident, can select for use hygiene grades of hard polyvinyl chloride in charge of as feed pipe mainly, In order to rece the fabrication cost; Medium-to-high grade commodity apartment available aluminum Mould and compound and in charge of or other plastics supply water the tubular proct as the feed pipe. House mix hot water temperature that water order exceed 600 C, so above-mentioned tubular proct in charge of except hard polyvinyl chloride and aluminum plastics compound and in charge of( PE-AL-PE), Mostly the tubular proct can be regarded as the hot water pipeline of the house.
( 2), pipeline lay problem 1. give and drain off water it set up there aren’t one that in charge of 1)Will install it in the corner place of the kitchen, bathroom tomorrow. Adopting this kind of way of laying more in the design of house in the past, it is convenient for it to construct, But will reveal the pipeline and hinder the room beautifully tomorrow Watch, the households will mostly be hidden with the light quality material in the equipment two times. 2)Will install it in the overcast angle place of the outer wall of the building tomorrow. Way this suitable for southern weather warm district only, the minimum temperature in winter cant be lower than zero degrees Centigrade, In case water pipe water-logging freeze ice is bloated to split pipeline, influence household use. Pipeline lay in outer wall, influence building to be beautiful, too inconvenient on manage and maintain in the future. 3) Lay it in the pipeline well. This way makes the room clean and beautiful, but the pipeline well has taken up the area of the bathroom, And pipeline construct, maintain relatively more difficult. Bathroom set up concentrate pipeline well, concentrate pipeline on assign in the well feed pipe, drain pipe, This is that the civilized importance lives in the kitchen of comfortable house, bathroom Embodiment. I think : Should consider the establishment of the pipeline well of the bathroom in the medium-to-high grade building conceptual design of commodity apartment, Improve quality of using of bathroom promptly so , can solve hard polyvinyl chloride drain pipe rivers noise heavy problem, Improve the environmental quality level of the room; Whether for bathroom in the areas for little economic and functional house and Overcome difficulties room, warm area give and drain off water and set up and in charge of and can consider and lay in the outer wall in the South, In order to increase using the space of the bathroom; Pipeline install and in the room, should influence kitchen, bathroom every sanitary equipment use of function tomorrow
2. supply water and prop up there aren’t tube House supply water prop up and in charge of pipe diameter one ≤ 32mm, de of battle,, little plastics feed pipe of pipe diameter is the crooked state, So the house supplies water and is propped up and in charge of being recommended and adopted and set up secretly. Supply water to prop up to manage darkly There are thes way had: 1)Set up in the brick wall secretly. Wall turn on and in charge of trough in brick when constructing, in charge of trough width tube +20 mm, de of external diameter,, degree of depth tube external diameter de, The pipeline is imbedded and managed directly Trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of son. 2)Whether pipe diameter supply water and prop up and last de ≤ 20mm,can set up at floor secretly( ) piece make level by layer. Turn on and in charge of trough in floor( ground) the board when constructing, it wides trough have to be de +10 mm deeply 1/2 of the de, Half pipeline imbed and in charge of trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of tube. Aluminum mould compound and in charge of and pay and unite polypropylene in charge of pipeline adopt metal pipe fittings connection, Must strengthen and in charge of trough size when adopting and set up secretly, and rivers some flood peak loss relatively heavy. Assign the relative house that concentrated to the kitchen, bathroom interior hygiene utensil, Can adopt and divide Water device go on and join , divide water device whether one more than branch in charge of and connect, every hygiene utensil supply water and prop up and in charge of and connects and publishes from the water dividing device separately. Can already prevent the tube burying the pipeline secretly from being connected like this Permeate the question. Can rece some flood peak lost, decrease the fabrication cost of pipe networks
3)Drain off water and prop up the tube to lay House room drain off water and in charge of and should set up at the time of inning this each, drain off water and in charge of permeating sideways like this canning prevent the sewage from waiting for the pollutant to enter the neighbor family sideways, Will not influence the neighbor either when the pipeline is maintained Normal life of one. Kitchen wash water drainage of basin propped up and in charge of generalizing inserts draining off water to stand to manage this layer of floor sideways; Floor drainage off water propped up and in charge of laying the room of lower floor. A lot of colleagues think now: Whether kitchen the ground it lay ceramic tile of, whose name is clean in when need develop with water,not strong in meaning to set up floor drain, So kitchen set up ground floor drain, avoid and drain off water and prop up and in charge of and enter neighbor family sideways already so, Can increase using the space of the kitchen . Bathroom drain off water and prop up and in charge of and lay concrete measure have in this layer sideways inside: 1)Improve the bathroom ground . Ground tendency high 150mm, adopt back row type take stool pot, washing basin, bath tub, water drainage of floor drain in charge of and bury in cushion layer secretly sideways. 2)Adopt the sinking type bathroom. Bathroom sink 350mm the floor, hygiene utensil drain off water and in charge of and bury on sinking space secretly sideways
Two method these can realize water drainage of bathroom prop up and in charge of earths surface to bury underground this one without entering the neighbor family sideways. Bury pipeline when installing, construction quality must check on strictly, can construct bathroom ground after confirming qualified secretly, So as not to leave the hidden danger in giving in the future using. Bathroom ground construct and can pack coal ash light quality material , also can adopt and lay bricks impracticable to lay plate making construct ground, Ground must make waterproof to deal with, method can waterproof to deal with according to roofing, make two oil one rubber and plastic ointment waterproof cloth.
3), water gauge the open air set up problem The water gauge is had indoors, not only the work load of checking meter is very heavy , but also make the security and privacy of the house rece greatly . So house divide into households of water gauge or divide households of figure of water gauge Show that should be set up in the open air. Skyscraper water gauge the open air set up following several kinds of forms: Whether 1.adopt far it pass by water gauge Change the ordinary water gauge into and pass the water gauge far, is joined the water gauge and data gathering machine by a signal line, And then reach intelligence to manage( the computer). Its merit lies in saving a large amount of people Strength comes to check meter, the data are accurate, the shortcoming is that the fabrication cost is high. Whether 2.adopt magnetic stripe card of by water gauge Users buy the electronic card of the running water Company in advance , then insert it in the storing device of the water gauge, Card amount of money dect automatically on the water, this way user need to prepay the water rate, The price of the water gauge is relatively high.
3. adopt it set up at the open air water gauge not ordinary 1)The water gauge is set up in the stair have a rest in the alcove of the platform. Household watersupply to prop up and manage and enter the kitchen, bathroom after the water gauge is measured. Way this realize water gauge proce room set up, equivalence low project have , supply water and set up and in charge of and set up with water gauge office results in aesthetic problems in stair. It suitable for the South warm district kitchen, bathroom assign close to the houses of positions of staircase. 2)The water gauge concentrates on being set up among the water gauges( meter box). Person who give when supplying water, set up water gauge in ground floor( meter box) on falling, every household watersupply to prop up and is in charge of applying having in the pipeline well, Southern area can overcast horn place lay along the outer wall in building too; Person who give when supplying water, can set up water gauge in roof( meter box) under upgoing. This way increases and supplies water to prop up In charge of and lay length, pipeline lay and influence building to be beautiful along outer wall. Water gauge proce way choice that family assign, must combine house kitchen, bathroom plane assign characteristic and concrete request of developer, Carry on to several feasibility scheme the above economic technology fix after comparing. Property well-managed medium-to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt and pass the water gauge far , It is that the water gauge will use the developing direction in the future; Estate management perfect medium- to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt magnetic stripe card water gauge( Company have this kind district of business can design in running water) Or concentrate on setting up it among the water gauges( case); Southern area unit type house can set up rest platform office in stair with ordinary water gauge, In order to rece the fabrication cost.
4) establishment question of the pot-type boiler Should reserve and install hot water supply terms of facility, set up hot water supply facilities with when the design of house. Have and concentrate house that hot water supply on , should consider house assign with installation position and cold hot water pipeline of hot water device. The pot-type boiler generally has three kinds, such as gas, electricity, solar energy,etc.. Whether last kitchen gas heater and electric heater or Bathroom inside, give when draining off water design shoulding reserve installation position and cold hot water interface of pipeline of water heater in advance in building, Install by oneself when convenient users fit up. Solar energy and hot water It is simple and convenient and safe for device to use, need fuel and electric power is low to run the expenses, Have long performance life, pollution-free, received by the masses of users favourably very much, Many houses have been small in recent years The district all install the solar water heater at the time of designing and construct. Solar water heater install and at the roof, need to set up the cold hot water pipeline among bathroom and water heater of the roofing like this generally, Consider installation of solar water heater when the design of house, household can only lay cold and hot pipeline along the building outer wall when installing in the future, Increase household degree of difficulty when installing like this , increase pipeline make the investment, influence building beautiful. Give when draining off water the design needing to solicit the developers suggestion first in building, Interconnected system one design, construct the solar water heater in unison; Reserve solar water heater and cold hot water installation position of pipeline in advance only. The cold hot water pipeline of the solar water heater can be laid In the pipeline well; Set up pipeline house of well , can set up one UPVC drain pipe of de110 as solar water heater hot water sleeve pipe of pipeline close to corner of person who take a shower in bathroom, Set up a de110 *75 three direct links in each hygiene interval ground, as connecting the entry of cold and hot water pipe
( 5), air conditioner condensation ink discharge the issue In recent years, air conditioner enter huge numbers of families graally, condensation water amorphous to discharge the building outer wall of pollution air conditioner have, Have influenced a beautiful important problem of biotope already. Building give when draining off water design shoulding consider air conditioner condensation ink discharge in a organized way. Concrete method can machine set up the water drain pipe of the condensation by the position outside reserving air conditioner, Drain off water and set up and in charge of and select PVC-U drain pipe de40 for use , reserve three direct links of draining off water highly in each air conditioner, It is convenient for air conditioner to drain off water hose insert directly.
E. 急求一篇关于涂装废水处理的英文文献及相应翻译，请帮忙！！！
典型汽车涂装废水处理工艺
摘 要：本文针对汽车涂装废水中含有树脂、表面活性剂、重金属离子，Oil、颜料等污染物，特别是其中的电泳废水、喷漆废水成份复杂，浓度高，可生化性差的实际情况，采用分质处理、混凝沉淀、混凝气浮、砂滤等工艺对涂装废水进行处理，取得了良好效果：CODCr去除率大于80%。实际运行表明，该工艺在技术和经济上均是合理可行的。
Treatment technics of representative coating wastewater of automobile manufacturing
Abstract：In this article, in allusion to the contamination of coating wastewater of automobile manufacturing which contains resin, surface active agent, heavy metal ion, oil, paint, dyestuff etc, especially the ELPO wastewater and painting wastewater which is complex, and has high concentration. we use separated pre-treatment, coagulating sedimentation, air flotation and sand filtration to treat coating wastewater and obtains good results: the removal rate of CODCr could be higher than 80%. The operate of the set proved that under this condition, it would be practicable both in technology and economy.
关键词：涂装废水；分质处理；混凝沉淀；混凝气浮；砂滤；Fenton试剂
Keywords：coating wastewater；separated pre-treatment；coagulating sedimentation；air flotation；sand filtration；Fenton reagent
http://203.208.33.132/search?q=cache:1mMFbNqlHpAJ:www1.eere.energy.gov/instry/chemicals/pdfs/ppgind.pdf+Treatment+Technology+for+WasteWater+from+Automobile+Painting&cd=10&hl=zh-CN&ct=clnk&gl=cn&st_usg=
翻译
汽车及其零部件的涂装是汽车制造过程中产生废水排放最多的环节之一。涂装废水含有树脂、表面活性剂、重金属离子，Oil、PO43-、油漆、颜料、有机溶剂等污染物，CODCr值高，若不妥善处理，会对环境产生严重污染。对此类废水，传统的方法是直接对混合废水进行混凝处理，治理效果不理想，出水水质不稳定，较难达到排放标准。特别是其中的喷漆废水，含大量溶于水的有机溶剂，直接采用混凝法处理效果很差。我们在上海某汽车厂经过实地勘查、大量分析调研和小试，针对涂装废水的特点，采用分质预处理再进行后续处理的二步处理的方法，并选择芬顿氧化—混凝沉淀，气浮物化工艺进行处理，达到了排放标准，CODCr去除率达到80%以上。
1废水的来源和主要污染物
1.1 涂装废水的来源及有害物质
涂装废水主要来自于预脱脂、脱脂、表调、磷化、钝化等车身前处理工序；阴极电泳工序和中涂、喷面漆工序。
废水中含有的主要有毒、有害物质如下：
涂装前处理：亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐、乳化油、表面活性剂、Ni2+、Zn2+。
底涂：低溶剂阴极电泳漆膜、无铅阴极电泳漆膜、颜料、粉剂、环氧树脂、丁醇、乙二醇单丁醚、异丙醇、二甲基乙醇胺、聚丁二烯树脂、二甲基乙醇、油漆等。
中涂、面涂：二甲苯、香蕉水等有机溶剂、漆膜、颜料、粉剂。
1.2 废水水质、水量
本工程设计处理水量60m3/h。
油漆车间排放的废水分为间歇排放的废槽液和连续排放的清洗水。
间歇排放废水主要来源于前处理槽的倒槽废液、喷漆工段排放的废液等，废水浓度高，一次排放量大，水质如表1所示。
表1 间歇排放废水的水质
污
染
物
源
来
水
废
CODCr
mg/L
Oil
mg/L
PO43-
mg/L
Zn2+
mg/L
Ni2+
mg/L
Cd2+
mg/L
碳黑
mg/L
pH 其它
预脱脂槽、脱脂槽废槽液、后喷淋、浸渍槽废槽液 2500~
4000
300~
950
250~400 9.5~11
表调槽废槽液 15~30 8.5~10.5
磷化槽废槽液、后喷淋、浸渍槽废槽液 400~600 100~150 20~30 6
钝化槽废槽液、后喷淋、浸渍槽废槽液 50~100 1~3 4~5
电泳废槽液 3000~
20000
81 7~9
中涂、面漆喷漆室水槽废液 3000 5~6 漆渣
连续排放废水主要来自于前处理工序的后喷淋、浸渍槽的溢流废水等，相对间歇排放废水，其浓度低、总排放水量大，其水质如表2所示。
表2 连续排放废水的水质
源
来
水
废
污
染
物
CODCr
mg/L
Oil
mg/L
PO43-
mg/L
Zn2+
mg/L
Ni2+
mg/L
Cd2+
mg/L
碳黑
mg/L
pH
脱脂后冲洗废水 300 25 10~20 7~8
磷化后冲洗废水 20~30 12 8 6
钝化后冲洗废水 10~15 0.1 5~6
DI水喷淋槽喷淋废水 3900 1~3 4
循环去离子清洗废水 400 6
自泳后水洗溢流废水 100~1000 8 7~9
2．涂装废水处理工艺设计
汽车涂装废水处理工艺的关键之一在于合理的清浊分质。对部分难处理或影响后续处理的废水，根据其性质和排放规律，先进行间歇的预处理，再和其它废水集中连续处理，这样不仅可以取得较好的和稳定的处理效果，而且在经济上也合理可行。
2.1 涂装废水处理工艺流程
涂装废水处理工艺流程如图1所示。
图1某汽车厂涂装废水处理站处理流程
2.2 间歇预处理
2.2.1 脱脂废液
对脱脂废液采用酸化法进行破乳预处理，向脱脂废液中投加无机酸将pH调至2～3，使乳化剂中的高级脂肪酸皂析出脂肪酸，这些高级脂肪酸不溶于水而溶于油，从而使脱脂废液破乳析油。
另外，加酸后使脱脂废液中的阴离子表面活性剂在酸性溶液中易分解而失去稳定性，失去了原有的亲油和亲水的平衡，从而达到破乳。经预处理后CODCr从2500～4000mg/L降低到1500～2400mg/L，去除率在40%左右；而含油量从300～950 mg/L降至50～70 mg/L，去除率高达90%～95%。
2.2.2 电泳废液
在阴极电泳废水中含有大量高分子有机物，CODCr最高可达20000mg/L，还含大量电泳渣，这些物质在水中呈细小悬浮物或呈负电性的胶体状。处理中加入适当的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）和聚合氯化铝（PAC）作混凝剂，利用絮凝剂的吸附架桥作用来快速去除废水中的污染物。电泳废液在预处理时要求pH值在11～12之间，有较好的沉淀效果。反应后的出水CODCr在2000 mg/L左右。
2.2.3 喷漆废水
对喷漆废水先采用Fenton试剂（H2O2+FeSO4）对其进行预处理，使其中的有机物氧化分解，CODCr去除效率约在30%左右，再加入PAC和PAM对其进行混凝沉淀，经过此两步处理，CODCr的总去除率可达到60%～80％，由3000～20000mg/L降至1200～4000mg/L。出水排入混合废水调节池。
Fenton试剂具有很强的氧化能力，当pH值较低时（控制在3左右），H2O2被Fe2+催化分解生成羟基自由基（·OH），并引发更多的其他自由基，从而引发一系列的链反应[1]。通过具有极强的氧化能力的·OH与有机物的反应，使废水中的难降解有机物发生部分氧化、使废水中的有机物C—C键断裂，最终分解成H2O、CO2等，使CODCr降低。或者发生偶合或氧化，改变其电子云密度和结构，形成分子量不太大的中间产物，从而改变它们的溶解性和混凝沉淀性。同时，Fe2+被氧化生成Fe(OH)3在一定酸度下以胶体形态存在，具有凝聚、吸附性能，还可除去水中部分悬浮物和杂质。出水通过后续的混凝沉淀进一步去除污染物，以达到净化的目的[2]。
2.3 连续处理
经预处理的各类废水排入均和调节池中，与其它废水混合后进入连续处理流程。混合后的废水CODCr约为700～900mg/L。连续处理分为二级：混凝沉淀和混凝气浮。
在涂装废水中，油、高分子树脂（环氧树脂）、颜料（碳黑）、粉剂、磷酸盐等在表面活性剂、溶剂及各种助剂的作用下，以胶体的形式稳定地分散在水溶液中。可以靠投加化学药剂来破坏胶体的细微悬浮颗粒在水中形成的稳定体系，使其聚集成有明显沉淀性能的絮凝体，然后形成沉淀或浮渣加以除去[3]。
在废水中加入一定量的无机絮凝剂后，它们可中和乳化油或高分子树脂的电位，压缩双电层，胶粒碰撞促进凝集，完成脱稳过程，形成细小密实的絮凝物。这样可使涂装废水中的金属离子和磷酸根离子在碱性条件下生成的固体小颗粒形成沉淀物[4]。所以混凝处理可有效地去除汽车涂装废水中的油、高分子树脂、颜料和粉剂[5]。
重金属离子和磷酸盐中，由于Ni2+生成Ni(OH)2沉淀以及PO43-生成Ca3 (PO4) 2沉淀的最佳pH值是10以上；而Zn2+生成氢氧化物沉淀的最佳pH值范围是8.5～9.5，pH过高会形成ZnO22－而溶解。所以要分二级混凝反应以分别去除Ni2+，PO43-和Zn2+ 。同时，混凝反应后的固液分离分别采用的是斜板沉淀池和气浮池，这样既可以用斜板沉淀池来去除比重较大的重金属化合物沉淀，又可以用气浮池来去除比重较轻的有机物等。
2.3.1 混凝沉淀
第一级为混凝沉淀调节pH值为10～10.5。
反应槽采用推流式反应槽，分为三格。第一格加碱将pH调高至10～10.5，加入CaCl2，第二格加FeSO4，第三格加混凝剂PAM，反应后进入斜板沉淀池进行固液分离。三格停留时间分别为15min、15min、7.5min。斜板沉淀池表面负荷按2m3/m2·h设计。一级反应CODCr去除率为50%～60%。图2为一级反应槽示意图。
图2 一级反应槽示意图
2.3.2 混凝气浮
二级反应的反应槽，也采用推流式反应槽，分为三格。第一格加酸将pH回调至8.5～9，第二格加PAC，第三格加PAM，反应后进入气浮池进行固液分离。二级反应槽三格停留时间分别为10min、10min、5min。气浮池的溶气水按处理水量的30%设计。二级反应CODCr去除率为20%～25%，同时气浮也去除了Zn2+和一部分的表面活性剂。
2.4 深度处理
深度处理采用砂滤和活性炭过滤。从运行情况看，经砂滤后的出水即能达到排放标准（CODCr≤300mg/L）。砂滤装置的过滤速度控制在10～12m3/（m2·h）。反冲洗水由监测水箱中的水加压后提供，反冲洗强度控制在16～18L/（m2·s）。
砂滤后的出水已能达到排放要求，因此，活性炭过滤只是一个应急保证措施，一般情况下较少使用。
2.5 污泥处理
污泥处理的好坏，直接影响废水处理站的运行。由于污泥含油量高，直接进行压滤效果较差，在污泥浓缩槽中加入Ca（OH）2，pH调整至10左右，能达到较好的压滤效果。污泥含水率经板框压滤机后可由99%下降至75%～80%。
2.6 连续处理去除率分析
连续处理过程去除率如表3所示。
表3 连续处理效率
出水位置 CODCr去除率
斜板沉淀池出口 50%～60%
气浮池出口 20%～25%
砂滤出口 15%
3处理效果分析
该工程自2002年运行至今，处理效果稳定，表4为上海市环境监测中心2004年对该厂的监测分析报告数据汇总。监测时间为3天，每天取样12次（1小时取样一次，包括废水处理装置进口和出口）。
表4 废水处理设施总排口监测数据
监测
项目
废水处理装置进口* 废水处理装置出口 上海市《污水综合排放标准》（DB31/199–1997）
浓度最小值(mg/L) 浓度最大值(mg/L) 浓度平均值(mg/L) 浓度最小值(mg/L) 浓度最大值(mg/L) 浓度平均值(mg/L)
pH 6.94 8.96 8.32 7.57 8.85 7.8 6~9
CODCr 434 759 625 73 132 115.6 300 三级标准
SS 93 351 204 21 145 29 350 三级标准
BOD5 36 145 87 4 83 16.9 150 三级标准
Oil 2.6 11.5 5.1 0.1 0.9 0.6 10 二级标准
Zn2+** - - - 0.02 1.6 0.09 4.0 二级标准
Mn2+** - - - 0.05 0.26 0.16 5.0 二级标准
Ni2+** - - - ND 0.18 0.09 1.0 第一类污染物排放标准
苯 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.2 二级标准
甲苯 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.2 二级标准
二甲苯 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.6 二级标准
*废水处理装置进口指连续处理装置进口。
** Zn2+、Mn2+、Ni2+本次监测未分析，表中所列为该厂废水处理站日常分析数据。
由上表可以看出，经处理后的废水以上海市《污水综合排放标准》（DB31/199—1997）进行评价，其中CODCr、BOD5、SS按三级标准评价（废水处理后排入安亭水质净化厂），其余采用二级标准及第一类污染物最高允许排放浓度，均能达到工程设计指标。
目前，处理装置运行稳定，出水均能达标。
4．技术经济分析
工程造价和运行费用是人们在选用处理方法时所必须考虑和关心的问题。本工程采用分质处理后，与一般的集中物化处理比较，节省了加药量，污泥产量也有所减少，在一定程度上减少了运行费用，更重要的是保证了出水水质的稳定达标。本项目的技术经济指标见表5。
表5 本处理工程技术经济指标
总投资/万元 单位体积污水投资/万元 年运行费用/万元 单位体积污水处理费/元/m3
800 1.11 30 1.67
*年工作日按250天计，日处理水量为720 m3。
5．结论
1、本工程采用分质处理、混凝沉淀、混凝气浮、砂滤等工艺对汽车涂装废水进行处理在技术和经济上是合理可行的。实际运行结果证明，此工艺对重金属、SS、Oil的去除效率超过90%，对CODCr的去除率大于80%。
2、汽车涂装废水水量和水质变化大，要特别的重视废水水量、水质均衡和分质预处理。根据工程实践证明，对脱脂废液，电泳废水、废液和喷漆废水这三股废水分别进行间歇预处理，这不仅有利于后续处理效率的提高，体现出技术和经济的统一，而且对整个系统的稳定运行和出水的稳定达标至关重要。
参考文献：
熊忠，林衍等 Fenton氧化法在废水处理中的应用[J] 新疆环境保护，2002，24（2）：35～39
张林生，魏峰等 物理化学法处理汽车工业电泳涂装工艺中的超滤液废水[J] 给水排水，1999，25（10）：33～36
刘绍根,汽车涂装废水处理技术[J] 工业用水与废水，2001，32（2）：11～13
刘绍根，黄显怀 物化—生化法处理汽车生产废水[J] 给水排水，2001，27（12）：53～56
廖亮，吴一飞等 磷化-喷漆线的废水处理工艺研究[J] 环境技术，2000，18，（4）：18～21
F. 污水处理的毕业设计外文参考文献都有什么
plc是用于系统控制，污水处理是项目，没有针对书籍。只有根据你项目所要达到的要求，用什么样的控制系统去解决，可以选，可以设计，没有统一的标准。
G. 水处理工艺简介（英文）
Biological Wastewater Treatment
This is a brief summary of the various techniques that have been developed to treat
wastewater by biological means. They accomplish what is generally called secondary treatment.
Purpose:
The idea behind all biological methods of wastewater treatment is to introce contact
with bacteria (cells), which feed on the organic materials in the wastewater, thereby
recing its BOD content. In other words, the purpose of biological treatment is BOD
rection.
Typically, wastewater enters the treatment plant with a BOD higher than 200 mg/L, but primary settling has already reced it to about 150 mg/L by the time it enters the
biological component of the system. It needs to exit with a BOD content no higher than about 20-30 mg/L, so that after dilution in the nearby receiving water body (river, lake), the BOD is less than 2-3 mg/L. Thus, the biological treatment needs to accomplish a 6-fold decrease in BOD.
Principle:
Simple bacteria (cells) eat the organic material present in the wastewater. Through their metabolism, the organic material is transformed into cellular mass, which is no longer in solution but can be precipitated at the bottom of a settling tank or retained as slime on solid surfaces or vegetation in the system. The water exiting the system is then much clearer than it entered it.
A key factor is the operation of any biological system is an adequate supply of oxygen.
Indeed, cells need not only organic material as food but also oxygen to breathe, just like humans. Without an adequate supply of oxygen, the biological degradation of the waste is slowed down, thereby requiring a longer residency time of the water in the system. For a given flowrate of water to be treated, this translates into a system with a larger volume and thus taking more space.
Advantages:
Like all biological systems, operation takes place at ambient temperature. There is no
need to heat or cool the water, which saves on energy consumption. Because wastewater treatment operations take much space, they are located outdoor, and this implies that the system must be able to operate at seasonally varying temperatures. Cells come in a mix of many types, and accommodation to a temperature change is simply accomplished by self adaptation of the cell population.
Similarly, a change in composition of the organic material (e to people’s changing
activities) leads to a spontaneous change in cell population, with the types best suited to digest the new material growing in larger numbers than other cell types.
Types of equipment for biological treatment:
There are two broad types of biological wastewater treatment: those that include
mechanical means to create contact between wastewater, cells and oxygen, and those than don’t.
a) With mechanical means:
1. Activated sludge: This is the most common type. It consists in a set of two basins. In the first, air is pumped through perforated pipes at the bottom of the basin, air rises through the water in the form of many small bubbles. These bubbles accomplish two things: they provide oxygen form the air to the water and create highly turbulent conditions that favor intimate contact between cells, the organic material in the water and oxygen. The second basin is a settling tank, where water flow is made to be very quiet so that the cellular material may be removed by gravitational settling. Some of the cell material collected at the bottom is captured and fed back into the first basin to seed the process. The rest is treated anaerobically (= without oxygen) until it is transformed into a compost-type material (like soil).
The cost of an activated-sludge system is chiefly e to the energy required to pump air at high pressure at the bottom of the aerator tank (to overcome the hydrostatic pressure of the water). Another disadvantage is that the operation is accomplished in two separate basins, thereby occupying a substantial amount of real estate.
2. Trickling filter: A trickling filter consists in a bed of fist-size rocks over which the
wastewater is gently sprayed by a rotating arm. Slime (fungi, algae) develops on the rock surface, growing by intercepting organic material from the water as it trickles down. Since the water layer passing over the rocks makes thin sheets, there is good contact with air and cells are effectively oxygenated. Worms and insects living in this “” also contribute to removal of organic material from the water. The slime periodically slides off the rocks and is collected at the bottom of the system, where it is removed. Water needs to be trickled several times over the rocks before it is sufficiently cleaned. Multiple spraying also provides a way to keep the biological slimes from drying out in hours of low-flow conditions (ex. at night). Plastic nets are graally replacing rocks in newer versions of this system, providing more surface area per volume, thereby recing the size of the equipment.
3. Biological contactor: This is essentially a variation on the trickling filter, with the
difference being that solid material on which slime grows is brought to the water rather than water being brought to it. Rotating disks alternate exposure between air and water.
b) Without mechanical means:
The wastewater is made to flow by gravity through a specially constructed wetland.
There, the water is brought into close contact with vegetation (ex. reeds), which acts as a biological filter to the water. The organic material in the wastewater is used as nutrient by the plants. Oxygen supply is passively accomplished by surface aeration (contact with oxygen of the atmosphere). Since water flow is slow in such system, to give ample time for the biological activity to take place, there is almost no turbulence in the water and reaeration is weak. Compared to mechanical systems, constructed wetlands occupy far more real estate, but they may be aesthetically pleasing, especially if they are well integrated in the local landscape. They emit no odor, but people should stay away because of the danger posed by pathogens. Constructed wetlands have also the least energy requirement. Energy is only needed to pump the wastewater to the entrance of the system, from where gravity and biology do the rest. A major disadvantage, however, is the highly reced performance ring winter, especially in regions where ground freezes ring some of the winter months.
H. 求水处理中英文对照外文论文翻译
Introction to Civil Engineering Papers
Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.
People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.
The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.
The application of a large number of steel procts is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.
From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical instry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ctility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then proce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the graal emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.
From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.
In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.
During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel proction, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.
From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.
A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system.
Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness.
In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and proction. Later, in order to adapt to the war, proction and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings.
Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on.
After the instrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of instrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. . For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part.
Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, graally formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the graally developed into a science.
In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience.
Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.
In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.
I. 能不能帮我找一篇关于水处理技术的外文文献学术论文要求必须是论文格式的字数不少于5000字
推荐到OA图书馆查询。
输入英文关键词即可。
文献，一般都是pdf格式的。word格式很少。
J. 求一篇关于“二级反渗透水处理系统”的“英文”文献，注意，是英文的啊，谢谢啦[email protected]
去这里看：
http://espwaterprocts.com/about-reverse-osmosis.htm
http://www.advancedwaterfilters.com/